REPORT OP THE SECRETARY 65 



that they are thought to indicate a high development of the abo- 

 riginal culture in southern Florida. Evidences of tAvo distinct 

 cultures, one above the other, were determined from tJie excava- 

 tions in the IWeeden mound. The lower contained crude pottery, 

 very few implements, mostly of shell, all having a considerable like- 

 ness to the so-called archaic Antillean culture of Cuba. The uppel 

 layer contained very fine specimens of decorated pottery in greal 

 numbers, showing close relationship to the ceramics of Georgia 

 This indicates an extension southward or a drift of population 

 possibly allied to the Muskhogean, into the peninsula. The rela- 

 tionship of the peojDle of the lower layer was Antillean rather than 

 Muskhogean. The inhabitants of southern Florida, when the earliest 

 burials were made in the Weeden mound, probably belonged to an 

 unknown tribe. The artifacts in the upper layer may be remains 

 of the Caloosa tribe, which was found there when Tampa Bay was 

 visited by Ponce de Leon. The Indians that now inhabit the Ever- 

 glades — the Seminoles — are a late introduction into Florida and of 

 Creek descent. The numerous Florida shell heaps antedated their 

 advent by several centuries. 



The chief has actively worked during the past year for the forma- 

 tion of a new national monument on the Little Colorado, near Flag- 

 staff, Ariz. This monument has been temporarily named the Wu- 

 paki National Monument and includes ruins at the Black Falls of 

 the Little Colorado, first described by him in 1900. It is to be 

 hoped that before another report this most interesting group of 

 stone buildings will be added to the other archeological monuments. 

 The ruins that comprise it have some of the best preserved walls 

 in the Southwest. 



The impression exists in some quarters that the work of the 

 Bureau of American Ethnology must be completed in a certain 

 definite time. This impression has no real foundation, for ethnology 

 is like any other scientific study and has no limitations. Every new 

 year of work in the bureau enlarges the horizon of research and 

 presents new problems regarding the American Indians for solution. 

 Since the foundation of the bureau by the late Maj. J. W. Powell 

 the aims and tendencies of the science of ethnology have greatly 

 enlarged, and the published studies of the staff have put the science 

 of anthropology upon such a firm foundation that not only the past 

 appropriations but also the prospective expenditures by Congress 

 are more than justified. The earlier work covered a limited scope; 

 it pointed out the field for future work. It now remains for the 

 comparative ethnologist to connect the various problems of man 

 and his culture and to shed new light on what still remains unsolved. 

 By law the ethnological research of the staff of the bureau is limited 

 to the American Indians and the aborigines of Hawaii. The logical 



