494 



REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1899. 



coarse hemp cloth. This apparatus coincides precisely with the com- 

 mon hand loom seen over Europe and the United States. Just as in 

 New England and in New York the country folk were making cloth 

 and tape with primitive apparatus only a generation back, so in Fin- 

 land the same practices yet survive. Helsingfors lies at the northern 

 end of the Baltic Sea, and it is only a short journey thence to northern 

 Germany, where the little heddle frame will next be found. It doubt- 



Fig. 5. 



HEDDLE FROM HELSINGFORS, FINLAND, WITH SHUTTLE. 

 Cat. No. 167837, U.S.N.M. Collected by Consul-Geueral John M. Ciawford. 



less traveled northward, acquiring a new name at every hinding, but 

 its structure and function have undergone little change. The patterns 

 at Helsingfors are more primitive. 



GERMAN HEDDLE FRAMES. 



The next example takes the student to the town of Saalf eld, Konigs- 

 berg, in east Prussia. It was presented to the U. S. National Museum 

 by Mrs. Elizabeth Lemke, who says that it is a common apparatus 

 among the people. There are twenty bars or healds i\\ this example, 

 and nineteen slits between. The frame is 14f inches long, and 8i 

 inches wide. The healds are 8f inches long, giving to the warp thread 

 a wider excursion up and down. This specimen is made from a thin 

 pine board linished in a planing mill, and is three-eighths of an inch 



