534 Report of national museum, i89d. 



and Maaek, following the Amur from the Schilka, encountered the 

 first craft of this kind at the Usuri mouth. Maack also missed the 

 kind of dugout (called tinjamagda or awarpe) resembling in form the 

 plank boat. 



The dugout canoe is found in the interior of Saghalin. Schrenk saw 

 a Giliak example (called mloimi) in winter in the village of Yokyrn, 

 carefully protected from snow, resting on a frame near the yourt. It 

 was 20 feet long, broadest in the middle and tapering toward the ends. 

 The bow terminated in a point, but the stern was square and perpen- 

 dicular with a broad let-in, as in the plank boats. 



Much simpler and more primitive are the little canoes also excavated 

 out of the Hammagda tree and pointed fore and aft, which, with small 

 differences in proportions, are called by the Oltscha and the Golde 

 otongo and gulha. Both are of the same form, pointed fore and aft, 

 but the gulha in relation to its length is narrower and deeper and with 

 thicker walls than the otongo^ and for that reason better, fitted to be 

 used in rough water and in places abounding in stones and rocks, etc. 

 The dugouts of Hammagda wood made by the Orochi on the seacoast 

 and the mountain streams flowing to the sea and on the tributaries of 

 the Lower Amur or Usuri are the same as those made by the Golde 

 and Oltscha on the main stream. So was the awarpe of the Orochis, 

 on the Upper Munamu stream, made and used outward on the Anuir. 

 On the contrary, only now and then, throughout the long course of 

 the Amur does one of the Golde, Oltscha, or Giliak plank boats find 

 its way to the Orochi, on the seacoast. 



Schrenk saw among the Birari of Ossika on the Amur a dugout 

 canoe called by them mango^ 28 feet long, 3 feet broad, and 1 foot 

 deep, and another time one still larger, in which Biraris from the Aar 

 River were returning from their summer fishing grounds on the Amur 

 to their winter settlements. It was deeply laden and carried mast, and 

 sail made of canvas, and held at the corner with the hand instead of 

 with shrouds. On the testimony of the Birari these boats were made 

 from the stem of the abundant (hhagda tree {Pinus syh^edris^ L.). 



Canoes made of a wooden interior structure covered with birch-bark 

 are more commonly in use than dugouts among the Oltscha and Golde 

 on the Lower Amur, and they are emploj'ed also by the Tungus on 

 the Amur tributaries and throughout the streams of the Stanavoi 

 Mountains. In general, of like type everywhere, having the two ends 

 similarly pointed, these bark canoes called dsai hy the Oltscha and 

 Golde, in their outlines and proportions, as in individual traits, pre- 

 sent many peculiarities. However, corresponding nearly to the gidba 

 and otongo dugouts of the Oltscha and Golde, there are two forms of 

 bark canoes, one deeper and narrower in proportion to the length, 

 generally decked a little with bark at bow and stern; and abroad, flat, 

 and open form, with ends strongly upcurved. Of the former Von 



