420 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1964 



marked similarity in the stone industry from Bisitun in western Iran 

 (Movius, in Coon, 1951, pp. 91-92) to the flints from Layer D at 

 Shanidar. In fact, there is almost a 100-percent agreement with 

 Movius' analysis of the Bisitun cave material. 



Some very special finds, which did not occur at Hazer Merd or 

 in Iran, were four Emireh-type points.^" Three of these were recovered 

 between 25 and 26 feet (7.62 and 7.93 m.) deep in the heavy occu- 

 pational zone of Layer D, about one-third of the way down in this 

 horizon. By a remarkable coincidence, the Shanidar child was found 

 in the same level. A fourth point was recovered at a depth of 28 

 to 29 feet (8.53 to 8.84 m.). Accordmg to Garrod (1951), who found 

 Emireh points at the base of the Upper Paleolithic at Mount Cannel, 

 the Emireh point is part of a transitional industry between the 

 Levalloiso-Mousterian and Upper Paleolithic industries in Syria and 

 Palestine. Although Emireh-type points from Shanidar were found 

 in a stratum some 9 feet (2.74 m.) below the contact zone between the 

 Upper Paleolithic (Baradost) and the Mousterian of Layer D, there 

 seems to be some indication of contemporaniety of the Shanidar exam- 

 ples and those from Mount Carmel in Palestine on the basis of the 

 climatic evidence. Thus the lime-cemented zone at about 28 feet 

 (8.53 m.) in Layer D at Shanidar may indicate a period of increased 

 rainfall, which was closely followed by the level containing the 

 Emireh-type points, while a pluvial period, or a period of greater 

 humidity, also occurred immediately below the Emireh horizon at 

 Mount Carmel. In fact, the Emireh horizon was almost entirely 

 broken up by the water action (Garrod and Bate, 1937, pp. 22-27; 

 Garrod, 1951, pp. 121-122 ; 1953, p. 31) . In the Lebanon at Ksar 'Akil, 

 Ewing (1947, pp. 191, 195) found points of Emireh type just above 

 a complex of stone beds. He suggests that this complex of stone 

 beds is indicative of a period of "greatly enhanced humidity and pre- 

 cipitation" (Ewing, in Braidwood, Wright, and Ewing, 1951, p. 120). 

 "Wright's {in op. cit., p. 119) work at the same site shows that its 

 cultural deposits, including the geological stone complexes, may be 

 safely dated as "entirely Wiirm." Garrod (1953, table, p. 38) has 

 illustrated the relationship of the Emireh horizon, or "Emiran" period, 

 in a geochronological table for Palestine and Lebanon. The place 

 of the alluvium (representing a pluvial period) below the "Emiran" 

 horizon in the Wiirm glaciation is a matter of interpretation between 



" In a personal communication dated January 12, 1955, Dorothy Garrod states 

 that she does not consider these points to have any necessary connection with 

 the Emireh points on typological grounds, despite resemblances in the basal 

 chipping. Neverthless, I feel at this writing that the closeness of the association 

 of the Shanidar points with a presumed contemporaneous pluvial horizon favors 

 the case of relationships. 



