SHANIDAR CAVE — SOLECKI 421 



prehistorians of the schools of long and short chronologies (Caton- 

 Thompson, 1952, pp. 20-21). According to the former school, this 

 pluvial (Pluvial 2 in Caton-Thompson's study) may be correlated 

 with Wiirm I, while, according to the latter, it may be correlated with 

 Wiirm II. Regardless of which chronology is used, for our con- 

 siderations it appears that the evidence for the contemporaneity be- 

 tween the horizon of the Emireh-type points of Shanidar and the 

 "Emiran" of Palestine and Lebanon is satisfactory. Since the Shan- 

 idar child was found in the same level as the Emireh-type points, 

 it must belong to the same archeological horizon. The Emireh points 

 being indicative of a transitional industry (Garrod, 1951), the Shani- 

 dar child then belongs to the same transitional phase. Whether or 

 not the Shanidar child will ever fill the evolutionary gap between 

 Tlomo sapiens of the Aurignacian of Palestine and the "human type 

 which is morphologically intermediate between Neanderthal and 

 modern man" of the Levalloiso-Moustcrian of Mount Carmel (Garrod, 

 1951, p. 129) remains to be seen. The prospects are tantalizing. 



The enigma here is the 8 or 9 odd feet (2.44 or 2.74 m.) of typo- 

 logically Mousterian deposit lying above the Emireh-type point level 

 at Shanidar. Excluding the possibility of independent invention, we 

 presume that the Emireh-type points were culturally introduced from 

 the eastern Mediterranean region (unless the weight of more evi- 

 dence indicates another locus of origin). This sounds plausible 

 enough, since there is only a distance of about 600 miles between these 

 areas, unbroken by difficult barriers. Yet the people of Shanidar at 

 that time, or at least in succeeding ages, must have indeed been 

 cultural laggards. Whereas in Palestine and at Ksar 'Akil we find a 

 fully developed Upper Paleolithic immediately following the intro- 

 duction of the Emireh industry (the latter development even being 

 allocated a place in the lower Upper Paleolithic (Garrod, 1953, p. 

 38) ), at Shanidar, it may be tentatively stated, there is no evidence of 

 the new tradition until the appearance of the Baradost horizon. The 

 people of that remote time at Shanidar cave seem to have been just 

 as reserved and aloof in their mountain fastness as are the present 

 Shirwani Kurdish goatherds. 



The tentative correlations of the Stone Age horizons in Shanidar 

 cave with the known sequence in Iraq are given in table 2. If they were 

 present at Shanidar, the stages above and including Karim Shahir 

 and Jarmo must fall in the time interval between the end of Layer B 

 and the most recent deposits at Shanidar, or within Layer A. How- 

 ever, a preliminary analysis of the remains in Layer A reveals that 

 there are but few links in this layer with the more recent archeology 

 of Iraq. Furthermore, since the Paleolithic cultures of Shanidar cave 

 have been emphasized in this paper, the discussion of the Layer A 

 phases will be deferred for the present. 



