ETHNOLOGY. 411 



and Langerie-Basse, (MM. Lartet and Christy,) and from Massai, (Ariege,) (M. 

 Garigou.) Those which are best executed are irora Langerie-Basse, on a large 

 pahnated surface of reindeer horn. 



Birds. — Some ligui-es of birds having a long neck, from Madeline and Lang- 

 erie-Basse, (M, de Vibraye,) very much resemble the swan. On a piece of a 

 lance-head from Madeline (MM. Lartet and Christy) may be seen a series of 

 birds, one following the other, probably geese. 



Fishes. — There may be seen a figure of a fish on the harpoon previously 

 described as bearing a horse's head. A fragment of reindeer horn from Made- 

 line (MM. Lartet and Christy) contains three or four fishes with their scales dis- 

 tinctly marked, even exaggerated ; and another skeletonized, as it were, finely 

 carved on a piece of the lower jaw of a reindeer; it comes from Lan,gerie-Basse, 

 (M. de Vibraye.) Another, exhibited by M. Carrigou, brought from La Vache, 

 ( Ariege,) is finely carved on a piece of bone ; it is thought to be a figure of the 

 morse. But the appendages regarded by some as representing the tusks of that 

 animal, seem to me to be nothing more than the beard of the barbel, gudgeon, 

 or loach, fishes common in that region. 



BepUles. — Figures of different reptiles more or less distinct are exposed ; one 

 of a tadpole is very neatly sketched on a lance-point, which comes from Made- 

 line, (MM. Lartet and Christy.) 



Flowers.-^lLh.e vegetable kingdom is infinitely less rejjresented than the ani- 

 mal. Among all the figures here recounted as filling the central glass case, 

 there are found sketches of but three flowers. Two of these are large, having 

 nine petals, carved upon a lance-point, from Madeline, (MM. Lartet and Christy;) 

 and one of the shape of a tulip with a waving stem, also carved on a lance-point 

 from Langerie-Basse, (M. de Vibraye.) 



Conclusion. — The contemporaneity of man and the various extinct animals, 

 and with the indigenous reindeer in France, is broadly, firmly, incontestably 

 proven by the discovery of these products of human industry and skill, so abund- 

 antly mingled with the exuvia of these extinct or emigrated animals, in the undis- 

 tm'bcd quarternary beds, and in the midst of cave deposits which have never 

 Ibeen manipulated. In this relation an inspection of the glass cases which deco- 

 rate tlie left part of the first corridor of the history of French labor, leaves no 

 doubt on the mind ; they fully convince the most obstinate and incredulous. 



Tne case containing an exposition of the art of the reindeer period affords a 

 demonstration still more irresistible. Man has not only perfectly represented 

 the reindeer, an animal now emigrated to the north, but like\vise the great cave 

 bear, the cave tiger, the mammoth, which are extinct, and habitually the cai-v- 

 ings are executed on the spoils of the reindeer and mammoth themselves. Be- 

 yond all question man was the contemporary of those animals, parts of which he 

 used for his sustenance, and which he has represented so truly by his art. No 

 more convincing demonstration could be desired or expected. 



NOTES OX L\DIAN HISTORY, &C. 



By Dr. F. V. Hayden, U. S. Geologist. 



JuLESBURG, Colorado Territory, October 10, 1867. 

 I have made some interesting observations in regard to Indian history in the 

 course of my geological survey of this Territory. Most of the Indians of the 

 lower ^Missouri, as the Pawnees, Otoes, lowas, Missourias, live in earth-built or 

 stationary villages, and have done so from time immemorial. The tribes on the 

 upper Missouri do the same — Arickarees, Mandans, and Minnetans. All along 

 the Missouri, in the valley of the Little Blue, Big Blue, Platte, Loup Fork 

 rivers I have observed the remains of these old dirt villages, and pieces of pot- 

 tery are almost invariably found with them. 



