414 



ETHNOLOGY. 



The superciliary ridges are more decidedly developed in the Lenapes, Nos. 

 135,249; Mandans, Nos. 78, 563; Miami, Xo. 541 ; i\Iimetari, No. 749 ; Otoes, 

 Xus. 755, 756,757; Ottawa, No. 1006; Ottigamie, Nos. 639, 094; Pottawa- 

 tomie, No. 657; Sauks, Nos. 561, 1246 ; Shawnees, Nos. 691, 1210 ; Shoshones, 

 Nos. 1446, 1447, 1448; Upsarookas, Nos. 1228,1229 ; Winnebagoes, Nos. 559, 

 560; Yamassees, Nos. 1215, 1216; Apache, No. 935; from the mounds and 

 caves, Nos. 416, 1237, 1510, 436, 43~, 653, 439, 440, 1287, 1288, 992, 1564, 

 1512; Kenawha, No. 212 ; Brazilian, No. 1529; Peruvians, Nos. 1365, 1366, 

 1367, 1368, 75, 95, 406, 697, 752, 1474, 1475, 1490, 1491, 1495, 1496, 1501, 

 1509, 1221, 1326, 1370, 1373, 1407, 1408, 1428, 1443, 1484, 412, 414, 452, 

 231; Mexicans, Nos. 714, 717, 718, 720. 



The dimensions of the Smithsonian skull are exhibited in the following talde : 



Inches. 



Occipito-frontal or longitudinal diameter 7-}-^ 



Frontal diameter 3 f 



Bi-temporal diameter 5Jg 



Bi-parietal diameter 5 



Posterior transverse diameter, (between the posterior, inferior angles of the 



parietalia) 5 f 



Vertical diameter 5 ^ 



Intcrmastoid diameter 5 f 



Occipito-frontal arch 14f 



Frontal arch ll|^ 



Parietal arch 12 



Occipital arch 10 



Horizontal periphery 20f 



Meato-frontal diameter ij^ 



Meato-parietal diameter 3yL. 



Meato-occipital diameter 4] ^ 



The region of country from which this cranium was obtained was occupied, 

 when first visited by the Jesuit missionaries in 1665, by the Sauks, Saukies, or 

 White Cla}' Indians; the Foxes, Ontagamies, or Ottigamies, or, as they called 

 themselves, Musquakkink, or Red Clay Indians; the Kickapoos, and the Illi- 

 nois — the latter comprising the Kaskaskias, Cahokias, Tamaronas, Peorias, and, 

 by confederation, though not by consanguinity, the Mitchigamias. These western 

 tribes of the great Algonkin stock are represented in the academy's collection 

 by three Sauk, four Ottigamie, and six Illinois crania. The Smithsonian cranium 

 bears no resemblance to the Sauk or Ottigamie skulls, nor to any of the Illinois 

 crania, except Nos. 1500 and 1511, which were taken from an ancient mound. 

 These two skulls are very much alike, and they resemble the Smithsonian head 

 in their oval fomi, in the flatness of the frontal bone, the prominence of the 

 superciliary ridges, and the depression above these ridges. There are two other 

 mound skulls in the academy's collection, Nos. 1287 and 1288, which bear 

 some resemblance to the skull under notice. These were taken from an ancient 

 mound in Chillicothe, Ohio, by Dr. E. H. Davis and Mr. E. G. Squier. No. 

 1287 has a flat forehead and somewhat elevated superciliary ridges, and is 

 dolichocephalic and oval in form. No. 1288 is more like the Smithsonian speci- 

 men in its elongated and oval eoiTU, and in the prominence of the occiput ; 

 though the frontal bone is not so recedent, and the superciliary ridges much less 

 prominent. The dolichocephalic Upsaroka skull. No. 1228, somewhat resembles 

 the Smithsonian specimen in the elevation of the superciliary ridges, and the flatness 

 of the frontal bone. Of all the American Indian crania, however, contained 

 in the museum of the academy, No. 744, which I have provisionally referred to 

 the Kootenaj^s, approximates the Smithsonian specimen most closely in its 

 dolichocephalic, oval form, the flatness of the forehead and prominence of the 



