ARCTIC BUTTERFLIES CLARK 275 



region of the Mackenzie River. The familiar gray comma of the 

 northeastern States {PoJygonia progne) here reaches the Arctic 

 Ocean, together with a relative of our eastern orange tip {Euchloe 

 creusa (pi. 6, figs. 53, 54)). Along the Mackenzie River and in the 

 adjoining portion of Alaska a number of different kinds of butter- 

 flies pass the Arctic Circle that do not reach it farther to the east. 

 The largest and most conspicuous of these are two handsome yellow 

 swallowtails, our common yellow swallowtail {Pa pill o gJauciis) and 

 the swallowtail of Europe, which lives in northern North America as 

 well as in Europe, north Africa, and northern Asia {P. machaon). 



Similarly, in w^estern Siberia and in Scandinavia many butterflies 

 of the temperate regions range north of the Arctic Circle. Among 

 these are the European swallowtail {P. machaon') , the cabbage but- 

 terfly {Pieris rapae) ^ the painted lady {Vanessa cardui), the small 

 tortoise-shell {Aglau urticae), a hair-streak {GaUophrys mhi), and 

 a skipper {Pi/rgns centaureae, (pi. 6, figs. 51, 52)). 



From the Arctic portion of the Yenesei region in western Siberia 

 22 different kinds of butterflies are known, including 9 bog-fritilla- 

 ries, 4 Erehias^ 2 Oene'is^ a swallowtail, a skipper, a blue, a clover 

 buttei*fly, a white, and the painted lady. Just south of this in the 

 sub-Arctic portion of the same region 32 species have been found. 



In Arctic Norway there are 46 different kinds of butterflies, of 

 which no less than 26 occur under the parallel of 70° north latitude — 

 that is, well north of the Arctic Circle. 



In the Arctic regions taken as a whole there are 105 kinds of 

 butterflies, some of wdiich, however, are more or less casual visitors, 

 or more properly belong to the sub-Arctic regions. The largest of 

 the Arctic butterflies are the two swallowtails, both of Avhich are 

 found in northern North America, though only one of these {Papilio 

 machaon) is found in Europe and in Asia. Most numerously repre- 

 sented are the nymphalid or brushfooted butterflies, of which there 

 are 36, all but 10 of which are fritillaries. There are 27 wood- 

 nymphs or satyrids, including 14 Erehias and 7 representatives of 

 the genus Oeneis. Of the lycaenids there are 19, including 12 little 

 blues, 6 coppers, and a single hair-streak. There are 15 pierids, 

 including 5 whites, 5 clover butterflies or coliads, and 3 relatives of 

 our orange-tip ; and there are 6 skippers. 



Of the 79 kinds of strictly Arctic butterflies 21 are found in all 

 far northern regions — in northern Europe, northern Asia, and north- 

 ern North America. Of the remainder, 25 live only in Europe and 

 in Asia ; 17 live only in America ; 6 are found in America and Asia, 

 but not in Europe ; 5 are found only in Arctic Europe ; 3 live only in 

 Arctic Asia; and 2 are found only in Europe and America. 



111666—35 19 



