410 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1934 



in use among other forest tribes. The Arawak are distinguished by 

 the excellence of their pottery, notably of that from the prehistoric 

 period of the Marajo and West Indian areas. 



West of the Caribs and of the Nu-Arawaks are two smaller lingu- 

 istic groups. One of these, the Pano, consists of two tribes living on 

 the Madeira and Madre de Dios and on the Middle and Upper 

 Ucayale, separated from one another by some of the Nu tribes, 

 namely the Ipurina, Piro, and Campa. The other, the Tukano and 

 related tribes live north of the Amazon on the Yapura and Rio 

 Negro. Scattered throughout the area are smaller linguistic stocks 

 and tribes as yet not classified as belonging to any of the larger 

 linguistic stocks, but whose culture approaches one or the other of 

 their more powerful neighbors. Examples of these unattached tribes 

 are the Puri or Coroados in Rio de Janeiro, the Bororo in the Matto 

 Grosso and the Kara j a on the Araguaya, the Waupe on the Rio 

 Negro, the Tekuna, Yahua, and some 30 tribes of the Chivaro 

 (Jivaro) on the upper Amazon tributaries. Another unattached 

 tribe, the Warrau, or Guarano, once lived in pile-dwellings in the 

 swamps surrounding the mouth of the Orinoco. 



TRIBES OF THE GRAN CHACO 



A large geographical area occupied by a number of different tribes 

 unrelated to the western Andean uplands but more or less closely 

 bound culturally if not geographically to the Amazonian section is 

 that of the Gran Chaco. This is an extensive rolling woodland coun- 

 try west of the Parana River entirely to the north of the Argentinean 

 Pampas. Its eastern boundary is the Paraguay River and its western 

 edge is skirted by the foothills of the Bolivian Andes. On the north 

 it merges into the forested area of the Amazonian tributaries. The 

 Gran Chaco is an inhospitable rolling terrain subjected to drought 

 and floods, and endowed with an infertile soil. Some of the tribes, 

 the Lule, Vilela, and Matako, have not yet made the acquaintance of 

 the horse, whereas others, Abipones, the Toba, Makobi, Guaicuru, are 

 known as " equestrian tribes." These latter are more or less linguis- 

 tically related. In the north of the Gran Chaco the agricultural 

 Tupi tribes of the Chiriguano have made settlements. In the moun- 

 tain valleys of the Salta, Jujui, and Tucuman in the Argentine west 

 of the Chaco live the Calchaqui (Diaguita or Kaltschaki), the war- 

 like agricultural tribes whose culture corresponds in many respects to 

 that of our Pueblo Indians of the Southwest. They have been Chris- 

 tianized, and their racial purity has been submerged in a Spanish- 

 Indian hybrid folk. They have the Andean practice of building 

 houses of stones set in mortar. As in the entire western portion of the 



