CLOUDS. 433 



(sweeping ;) en harre, (burs;) pommcles, (curdled;) groujyes, (grouped;) 

 en voile, (veil;) and attronpes, (piled.) The year following, 1802, Luke 

 ECoward proposed a classification of clouds still more elaborate than that 

 of Lamarck. It is a remarkable fact that these two savants, who labored 

 independently of each other on clouds observed in two different coun- 

 tries, should have arrived at almost the same fundamental types, and 

 especially at the determination of the same clouds, though designated 

 by different denominations. Thus, in the seven types which Howard 

 has established, we find the first five types of Lamarck, according to 

 the following table : 



Types of Lamarck. Types of Howard. 



Eu balayures, (swec])ings) Cirrus. 



En barre, (bar) Cirro-stratus. 



PommeMs, (ciirdled) Cirro-cumulus. 



Group^s, (grouped) Cumulo-stnitus. 



Eu voile, (veil) Nimbus. 



As to the two other clouds of Howard, the stratus being but a mist, 

 and the cumulus corresponding entirely to his own cumulo-stratus, since 

 he made double use of these identical forms, we see how the five true 

 types of Howard are fundamentally the same as those of Lamarck. If 

 we consider that my new t3T)e of fracto-cumulus is found in the classi- 

 fication of Lamarck under the name nuage attroupe, (piled cloud,) adding 

 besides my two other types of pallio-cirrus and of pallio-cumulus, the 

 last being a modification of Howard's nimhus, we have the classifica- 

 tion of clouds established by me in 18G3, which I shall describe in the 

 follov7ing exposition. The types which served as the base of Howard's 

 nomenclature were very happily chosen, since, as Kiimtz well observed, 

 they are connected with anterior atmospheric changes, and conseciuently 

 furnish us with indications of approaching change of weather. How- 

 ard in his classification, which is almost entirely based upon the form of 

 the clouds, distinguishes three simple modifications : The cirrus : par- 

 allel flexions, or diverging fibers, extensible by increase in any or in all 

 directions; the cumulus: convex or conical heaps increasing upward 

 from a horizontal base ; the stratus : a widely extended, continuous, 

 horizontal sheet, increasing from below upward, from which the two 

 following intermediate modifications are derived : The cirro-cumulus : 

 small, well-defined, roundish masses in close horizontal arrangement or 

 contact ; the cirro-stratus : horizontal, or slightly inclined masses at- 

 tenuated toward a i)art or the whole of their circumference, bent down- 

 ward or undulated, separate or in groups consisting of small clouds 

 having these characters; and, finally, the two following compound 

 modifications : The cum ulo- stratus : the cirro-stratus blended with the 

 cumulus, and either appearing intertwined with the heaps of the latter, 

 or superadding a ivide-spread structure to its base ; the cumulo-cirro-stratus 

 vel nimbus: "The rain-cloud, a cloud or system of clouds from which 

 rain is falling. It is a horizontal sheet, above which the cirrus spreads, 

 while the cumulus enters it laterally and from beneath." I shall point 

 28 s 



