64 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 19 31 



used for food were actually made up into the food product to get 

 the primitive process, and the same method was followed in the 

 study of medicines. 



Along with the plants the field of ethnozoology was thoroughly 

 covered and practically all the animals known to these Indians were 

 identified. Specimens were obtained, especially of birds, which 

 proved to be the most difficult field for identification in the collect- 

 ing of animal names, and the skins were identified by the division of 

 birds of the National Museum. Eight different kinds of snakes were 

 known by name and identified. 



One of the rarest features of the work was the obtaining of a 

 number of old Indian place names in the old Esselen country, the 

 western tributary of the Salinas River known as the Arroyo Seco. 

 A study of the place names resulted in the discovery that the Esselen 

 were not a coastal but an inland people, inhabiting the Arroyo Seco 

 and a section of the Salinas River and centered about Soledad Mis- 

 sion. They were one of the smallest tribes in California, and the 

 name properly begins with an h ; they were known in the San Juan 

 Bautista from all that section of California. The expedition went 

 from Monterey to the Aguage de Martin and from there climbed the 

 mountain. Some 40 exposures were made of the various rocks con- 

 nected with the ceremonies and the springs and camps, and several 

 hundred pages of notes were taken down in California Spanish 

 from Don Angel and others dealing with the history of these cere- 

 monies and the life of Mariana and Joaquin Murrieta. On the way 

 back to the coast the Cruz Cervantes ranch was visited, where Mur- 

 rietta and Mariana were equipped by Don Cruz for starting their 

 war against the Americans. 



An examination of place names and village sites and linguistic 

 studies occupied Mr. Harrington up to the end of June. Not only 

 were vocabularies of early recording utilized but the invaluable rec- 

 ords contained in the old mission books were, through the courtesy of 

 Bishop McGinley, of Fresno, placed at the disposal of the Smith- 

 sonian Institution for copying, and a considerable part of these 

 books has already been copied and revised with the aid of the oldest 

 Indians. 



Dr. F. H. H. Roberts, jr., archeologist, devoted the fiscal year to a 

 number of activities. During the months of July, August, and Sep- 

 tember, excavations at a site on the Zufii reservation, 16 miles north- 

 east of the Indian village of Zufii, were brought to a conclusion. 

 The work had been started the latter part of May, 1930. At the 

 end of the season's field work the ruins of two houses, one containing 

 64 rooms, the other 20 rooms, and a number of ceremonial chambers 



