﻿424 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS [VOL. 47 



Among the Asiatic dippers there appear to be two fairly distinct 

 types, one uniformly dusk}' when adult and strongly squamate 

 above and below when young, exemplified by Cinclus pallasii, and 

 one with some of the underparts pure white, when adult, and with 

 the squamation less pronounced in the young, exemplified by C. 

 cashmeriensis. Both of these types meet in the eastern Himalayas 

 radiating thence east, north and west, the uniformly colored forms 

 more easterly, the pied forms more westerly. There will probably 

 be few dissenting voices among those who have followed me thus 

 far, if I designate that enormous and ancient plateau and mountain 

 region north of India and east of the 90 east longitude (including 

 the " Manchurian coign " of the geomorphists, Suess's Eurasian 

 " Scheitel ") as the region where the genus Cinclus originated. 

 From this center the dippers radiated wherever high enough moun- 

 tain ranges, or otherwise boreal conditions, permitted them to push 

 forward their colonies. 



C. pallasii Temminck, 1815 : East Siberia, China, Japan, south to 

 Assam; asiaticus Gray, 1846: Assam to Turkestan; sordidus Gould, 

 1859 : Himalayas, North Tibet, Northwestern China ; marila Swinhoe, 

 1859: Formosa; souliei Oustalet, 1892: Tibet; bilkevitchi Zarudny, 

 1902 : Altai Mts. ; sicmsscni Martens, 1903 : Fokien, China ; kiborti 

 Madarasz, 1903: Krasnoyarsk, Siberia; middcndorfd Sushkin, 1904: 

 Sayan Mts., Siberia. 

 b 2 Color of adults more or less white on underside. 



C. cinclus (Linnaeus) 1758: Scandinavian peninsula; merula (Schsef- 

 fer) 1789: Central Europe; gularis (Latham) 1801 : Great Britain; 

 albicollis (Vieillot) 1816: Southern Europe; syriacus Gloger, 1833: 

 Syria; Icucogastcr Bonaparte, 1850: from Turkestan eastwards; cash- 

 meriensis Gould, 1859: Himalaya Mts. westwards; minor Tristram, 

 1859: Atlas Mts.; pyrenaicus Dresser, 1892: Pyrenees; baicalensis 

 Dresser, 1892: eastern Siberia; saturatus Dresser, 1895: Baical; 

 olympicus Madarasz, 1903: Cyprus; caucasicus Madarasz, 1903: Cau- 

 casus; sardus Hartert, 1904: Sardinia (and Corsica?); bianchii Sush- 

 kin, 1904: Sayan Mts., Siberia. 

 a" Coloration of young not squamate, more or less like adults (New World). 

 b 1 Coloration more or less uniform grayish, without white patch on 

 underside of wing (North America). 



C. mcxicanus Swainson, 1827: Mexico and Guatemala; imicolor 

 Bonaparte, 1827: Western North America north of Mexico; ardesi- 

 acus Salvin, 1867 : Central America. 

 b 2 Coloration in vari-colored patches; a white patch on underside of 

 wing (South America). 



c 1 Color more or less fuscous with white head. 



C. leucocephalus Tschudi, 1844: Bolivia and Peru; leuconotus 

 Sclater, 1857: Venezuela, Colombia and Equador; rivularis Bangs, 

 [899: Colombia. 

 i" Color gray with a rufous throat patch. 

 C. schulzi Cabanis, 1882: Argentina. 



