﻿SHERZER] GLACIAL STUDIES IN CANADIAN ROCKIES 473 



the candle and warmth of the body it was found impracticable to 

 get the actual temperature of the air in the tunnel at the lime of 

 observation and the maximum temperature, between visits, could be 

 obtained only with the aid of a freezing mixture poured over the 

 bulb of the thermometer. 



[3. Lamination. — Many observations were made upon the "blue 

 hands " of the glaciers studied with the hope of shedding some light 

 upon their position and direction in the ice and their relation to the 

 granules and strata. In general it was found that they arc well 

 developed along the margins and front of the ice streams and that 

 they arc entirely independent of the stratification, cutting the strata 

 as a rule at high angles. The lamina' and strata approach conformity 

 more nearly along the side where no pressure is felt from either bed 

 rock or lateral moraine (fig. ■/$), but where such pressure is appar- 

 ently present the laminae curve upward from the interior of the 

 glacier and come to the surface at angles of 75, 85 and even 90°. 

 Their outcropping edges extend parallel with the sides of the ice 

 stream and generally give rise to the dirt stripes previously de- 

 scribed (figs. ~3 and 74). Towards the center they become less 

 steeplv inclined in a simple stream, and are rendered inconspicuous, 

 or disappear at the surface. Under the medial moraine upon the 

 Victoria they are highly inclined and somewhat fan-like. At the 

 mouth of the tunnel they were found to average from 15 mm. to 

 19 mm. in thickness and to dip back into the glacier at an average 

 angle of 9 . while the strata here average 26 . Plate lxv, a 

 shows the nonconformity of the laminae and strata. They seem to 

 sustain a certain relation to the direction of maximum pressure and 

 to represent neither ice-filled crevasses, shearing planes nor planes 

 of stratification. Sufficient pressure from a different direction may 

 induce a second set without obliterating the first and differential 

 ice movements may give rise to irregular, contorted patterns ( fig. 78). 



14. Block Moraines. — From the present nose of the Victoria there 

 extends across the valley and up obliquely upon the west side, an 

 ancient moraine, composed of massive blocks of sandstone, quartzite 

 and schist; lichen covered and partially disintegrated. There is a 

 surprising scarcity of fine material except from the soil formation, 

 in situ, which has given rise to a scanty growth of trees and shrubs. 

 The material is arranged in two main heaps, one upon either side 

 of the valley with a break between through which the glacial brook 

 escapes. The blocks of stone are angular, practically unglaciated 

 and show no signs of stream action. From 200 to 1.000 ft. farther 

 down the valley a similar, but much more massive moraine, reaches 



