NO. 



SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, 1913 



11 



Still represent the undermost world, the cotninj^ out still symbolizing 

 the emergence from the undermost world, and the kiva the undermost 

 world itself. The kiva is a prominent feature of the archeological 

 remains of the Southwest, there is seldom a mesa, cliff, or cavate ruin 

 where these ceremonial chambers are not to be found. They are the 

 substantial evidence of the worship of the cliff dwellers. The under- 

 ground structures have undergone changes since the oppression of the 

 invading Spaniard. In the Tewa village of San lldefonso, for ex- 

 ample, the under-ground circular kiva was abandoned after the first 

 departure of the Spanish invaders ; in fact, there is not a pre-Spanish 

 building in the village. The ruins of the old village are barely distin- 



Fig. 74. — Zuni personators of the rain gods. 

 Photograph by Mrs. Stevenson. 



guishable in the fields, while the present village stands a short dis- 

 tance to the north. The first kiva constructed by these people after 

 the coming of the Spaniards was round and built principally above 

 ground, but before another kiva was constructed the people decided 

 to build these chambers in rectangular form and in line with their 

 dwellings, so that they would not be distinguished by the Spanish 

 enemy. T^Tany other pueblos adopted the plan of the rectangular kiva 

 situated among the dwelling houses. 



The Tewa are divided into the Sun and Ice peoples, therefore there 

 are two kivas, one for each people. Every male child must be ini- 

 tiated into one of the kivas in order to be eligible to dance with the 

 gods after death in the undermost world. The female child is passed 



6 



