WHOLE VOL. SKELETAL REMAINS OF EARLY MAN HRDLICKA 4I 



those of Cunningham/ Turner," Krause/ Martin/ a series of articles 

 by Virchow/ another communication by Dubois/ and another by 

 Manouvrier/ 



Since then many articles and notes have been published on these 

 remains. Their bibliography alone would fill many pages." There is 

 much of controversy, but little original until we reach the exhaustive 

 study of Schwalbe, 1899.' 



Dubois' discovery was universally acknowledged as one of great 

 importance ; but his views were soon combated. The case presented 

 two main problems. The first was the question of whether the several 

 parts, i. e., the skull, the two teeth, and the femur, belonged to the 

 same individual or at least to the same form ; the other, that of the 

 identification of this form. 



Dubois believed, as has been seen, that all four specimens, namely 

 the skull, the two teeth, and the femur, belonged to one stratum, one 

 age, and one individual, a female PiiJiccantliropus crcctus. To this 



* Cunningham, D. J., Dr. Dubois' So-Called Missing Link. Nature, Vol. 51 

 pp. 428-429, 1895. 



^ Turner, Wm., On M. Dubois' description of remains recently found in Java, 

 with remarks on so-called transitional forms between Apes and Man. Journ. 

 Anat. and Phys., Vol. 24, p. 424, 1895. 



" Krause, W., with Luschan, V., Virchow, R., and others, Pithccanthrol>us 

 erectus, Verh. Berl. Ges. Anthrop., Z. Ethnol., Vol. 27, pp. 79-88, 1895. 



** Martin, R., Kritische Bedenken gegen den Pithecanthropus crcctus Dubois. 

 Globus, Vol. 67, p. 213, 1895. 



° Virchow, R., Pithecanthropus crcctus Dubois. Verh. Berl. Ges. Anthrop., 

 Z. Ethnol., Vol. 27, pp. 33(i-337, 435-440, 648-656, 723, 744-/47, 787-793, 1895 

 ( " Exostosen und Hyperostosen von Extremitiitenknochen des Menschen ; im 

 Hinblick auf den Pithecanthropus "). 



^ Dubois, E., Pithecanthropus crcctus, betrachtet als eine wirkliche Ueber- 

 gangsform und als Stammform des Menschen. Discussion by Nehring, Kollman, 

 Virchow, and Jaekel. Verh. Berl. Ges. Anthrop., Z. Ethnol., Vol. 27, pp. 723-749, 



1895. 



'Manouvrier, L., Deuxieme etude sur le "Pithecanthropus erectus" comme 

 precurseur presume de I'homme. Bull. Soc. Anthrop. Paris, Vol. 6, pp. 553-65^, 

 1895. Also Moulages du crane et des dents du Pithecanthropus. Ibid., pp. 



658-659. 



" See especially Miller, Gerrit S., Jr., The controversy over human " missing 

 links." Ann. Rep. Smithsonian Inst. 1928, pp. 447-457. 



° Schwalbe, G., Studien iiber Pithecanthropus crcctus Dubois. Z. Morphol and 

 Anthrop., Vol. i, pp. 1-240, 1899. 



. Pithecanthropus erectus, eine Stammform des Menschen. Anat. Anz., 



Vol. 12, pp. 1-22, 1896. Published also, translated, under the title of "Pithecan- 

 thropus erectus: A Form from the Ancestral Stock of Mankind," Smithsonian 

 Rep. for 1898, pp. 445-459, 3 pls., 1900. 



