42 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL.83 



there were soon many objections. The conclusions of Manouvrier, 

 the foremost anthropologist of France (Bull. Soc. Anthrop., 1895, 

 46, 648, 658), were cautiously favorable to those of Dubois. But 

 Cunningham, Turner, Virchow, and others dissented. In 1896 

 Marsh, in discussing the find in The American Journal of 

 Science,' was already able to enumerate the following objections of 

 various authors (p. 4/6) :".... the various remains discovered were 

 human, and of no great age; that they did not belong to the same 

 individual ; that the skull apparently pertained to an idiot ; and that 

 both the skull and femur showed pathological features." 

 For himself Marsh says (p. 482) : 



After a careful study of all the Pithecanthropus remains and of the evidence 

 presented as to the original discovery, the position in which the remains were 

 found, and the associated fossils, my own conclusions may be briefly stated, as 

 follows : 



The remains of Pithecanthropus at present known are of Pliocene age, and 

 the associated vertebrate fauna resembles that of the .Siwalik Hills of India. 



The various specimens of Pithecanthropus apparently belonged to one indi- 

 vidual. 



This individual was not human, but rt-prcscntcd a form intermediate between 

 man and the higher apes. 



If it be true, as some have contended, that the different remains had no con- 

 nection with each other, this simply proves that Dr. Dubois has made several 

 important discoveries instead of one. .All the remains are certainly anthropoid, 

 and if any of them are human, the antiquity of man extends back into the Ter- 

 tiary, and his affinities with the higher apes become much nearer tlian has hith- 

 erto been supposed. 



The dissenting opinions of some (if the greatest scientific authorities 

 of the time, anatomists, anthropologists, and paleontologists, deserve 

 to be quoted. 



Cunningham : '^ As a result of his stud}' ruid comparisons this author 

 reaches the conclusion that " the fossil cranium described by Dubois 

 is unquestionably to be regarded as human. It is the lowest human 

 cranium which has yet been described. It presents many Neanderthal- 

 oifl characters, but stands very nearly as much below the Neanderthal 

 skull as the latter does below the ordinary European skull. . . . ." 



As to the femur " that it is human in every resjiect. no one could 



for a single moment doubt brom the fact of the femur being 



found at a distance of from \j to 15 m. from the place where the 



' Marsh, O. C, On the Pithecanthropus ereetns. from the Tertiary of Java. 

 Amer. Journ. Sci., Vol. I, pp. 473-482, 1896. 



"Cunningham, D. J., Dr. Dubois' So-Called Missing Link. Nature, Vol. 51, 

 pp. 428-429, 1895. 



