78 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 83 



Dr. Woodward expresses the uncertainty thus created : " It may next 

 be questioned whether this ape-Hke mandible belongs to the skull. 

 We can only state that its molar teeth are typically human, its muscle- 

 markings are such as might be expected, and it was found in the 

 gravel near to the skull. The probabilities are therefore in favour of 

 its natural association. If so, it is reasonable to suppose that the 

 skull will prove to be that of a very primitive type, not that of a 

 highly civilized man." 



No such jaw, or even an approach to it, has ever before or since 

 been found with such a skull. The two apparently do not belong to 

 the same being nor even to the same species of beings. In other early 

 remains, especially in one of the Spy skulls, at La Ouina, and in the 

 La Ferrassie specimens, it was the jaw rather than the skull that 

 showed a form advancing towards the modern. The probabilities of 

 the discovery speak apparently all for, the morphological features of 

 the specimens all against, an organic association of the skull with the 

 jaw. 



The inevitable results of this disharmony were, from the start, 

 expressions of dissenting opinions, which culminated when in 191 5 

 and again in 1918, after a serious study of the cast of the fragment, 

 Gerrit S. Miller, Jr., identified the jaw as that of Pan veins, a fossil 

 chimpanzee.* 



In 1 91 7 Dr. Woodward announced the discovery of parts of the 

 second skull, together with a loose molar, both evidently connecting 

 with the first find, the skull bones with the skull, the tooth with the 

 jaw, which served but to accentuate the uncertainties. 



In 1921, thanks to Dr. Woodward, the writer was given an oppor- 

 tunity, in London, to study the Piltdown originals ; the same privilege 

 was again extended in 1923, when once more the originals, preserved 

 in the safe of the Department of Geology and Paleontology of the 

 British Museum (Natural History), were measured and examined; 

 and they were seen again in 1925. The results of the 1921-23 exami- 

 nations were published in several articles in the American Journal of 

 Physical Anthropology,^ and in view of the importance of the case 



* The Jaw of the Piltdown Man. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., Vol. 65, No. 12, 

 31 pp., 5 pis., and annotated bibliography of the subject up to that time, 1915; 

 and The Piltdown Jaw, Amer. Journ. Phys. Anthrop., Vol. i, 4 pis., with anno- 

 tated bibliography of over 120 titles by more than 50 authors, 1918. 



^ Hrdlicka, A., The Piltdown Jaw. Amer. Journ. Phys. Anthrop.. Vol. 5. pp. 

 337-347, 1925. Dimensions of the First and Second Molars, with their Bearing on 

 the Piltdown Jaw and on Man's Phylogeny ; ibid., Vol. 6, pp. 195-216, 1923; and 

 Variation in the Dimension of Lower Molars in Man and Anthropoid Apes ; 

 ibid., pp. 423-438. 



