WHOLE VOL. SKELETAL REMAINS OF EARLY MAN HRDLICKA I55 



The actual height of the latter is but 8.05 cm. (Schwalbe), the index 

 40.4. One hundred and seven recent adult human skulls of various 

 derivation gave heights of from 8.40 to 11.70 cm., and indices of 

 from j2 to 68.^^ 



The internal capacity of the skull has been estimated by Schaaff- 

 hausen at 1,033 cc, by Huxley at 1,230 cc, and by Schwalbe at 

 1,234 cc. 



The brain which filled the skull was lower and narrower and slightly 

 more pointed than the human brain of to-day, approaching in these 

 features more the anthropoid form. The right frontal lobe was 

 slightly larger and longer than the left, and the whole right hemi- 

 sphere was slightly longer than that of the opposite side. In the present 

 man it is generally the left hemisphere which is the longer, but this 

 exception in the Neanderthal man is not necessarily of any special 

 significance. 



The long and other bones of the skeleton (pis. 2,2, 33), so far as 

 preserved, show many features of anthropological inferiority, demon- 

 strating plainly that not merely the skull, but the whole body of the 

 Neanderthal man occupied a more or less lower evolutionary stage 

 than that of any normal human being of the historic times. Yet there 

 is much also that connects closely with later and present man. 



OTHER PARTS OF THE SKELETON 



TJie humerus. — The two humeri, right and left, do not appear at 

 first to belong to the same person ; the right is much stronger in every 

 particular, and of somewhat different conformation, the differences 

 occurring in the inner condyle, in the evident damage to the articular 

 facets on left ; in the neighborhood of coronoid fossa ; in the ole- 

 cranon fossa — much larger on left (2.7 x 2.1 cm.) ; in the form of 

 shaft ; and in the deltoid tubercle which is much better developed on 

 right. Also color unlike. But the left bone belongs to an ulna with an 

 old injury to head and both have suffered from subdevelopment as 

 well as in the formation of the articular parts. 



The shape of the shaft in both bones nears the prismatic, but the 

 antero-medial and external surfaces are decidedly convex, espe- 

 cially in the right well-developed humerus. This is a condition that 

 could hardly be duplicated in recent bones. There is no perforation 

 of the olecranon fossa. There is a marked notch (demi-foramen) in 

 each epicondylar border, lower down than usual with the epicondy- 



' Schwalbe, G., Studien iiber Pithecanthropus crectus Dubois. Z. Morph. und 

 Anthrop., Vol. i, pp. 43-4S, 1899. 



