204 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 83 



the cave were augmented by the remains of fireplaces and by refuse, 

 including many primitive stone implements and rejects, as well as 

 animal bones ; and these accumulations were found to contain numer- 

 ous human bones in more or less fragmentary condition. 



The locality became known in 1895, after two Croatian teachers 

 discovered in the superficial deposits of the shelter some teeth of a 

 rhinoceros and fragments of other fossil bones. These finds were 

 brought to the attention of the scientific men at Zagreb (the capital 

 of Croatia, formerly "Agram "), but no thorough examination of the 

 site was undertaken until 1899. ^^ that year the place was visited 

 by K. Gorjanovic-Kramberger, professor of geology and paleontology 

 of the University of Zagreb and Director of the Geological Division 

 of the Narodni Muzcj of the same city. 



The deposits in the shelter and their stratification were found well 

 exposed. They were over 26 feet in thickness from top to base. The 

 initial work showed ashes, charcoal, burnt sand and rejects of stone 

 industry, stone implements, and a human molar. The excavations 

 proper, after a determination of nine distinct cultural layers, were 

 begun from the top and carried very carefully downward. They 

 proved from the start very fruitful,' giving many bones of Quaternary 

 animals, many rejects of stone industry with some implements, a 

 portion of a human maxilla, 80 loose teeth, and many pieces of skulls, 

 lower jaws and other parts of the skeleton. From 1900 to 1905 the 

 painstaking exploration of the shelter was carried on, partly by 

 Gorjanovic-Kramberger, partly by S. Osterman, and D. Galijan, his 

 assistants, until the deposits were exhausted. 



Notwithstanding the presence of numerous cultural layers and the 

 evidently long time of use and occupation of the shelter, the whole 

 represented apparently but one large cultural period, and this during 

 a fairly warm interglacial time. The fauna is not that of a cold 

 climate. It consists, aside from a few snails, birds and a turtle, of the 

 following: 



Rhinoceros merckii (frequent) Myoxus glis 



Ursus spelaeus (frequent) Arctomys marmota 



Bos primigenhts (frequent) Cricetus jrumcnt. 



Castor fiber (fairly frequent) Equiis caballus 



Cants lupus Siis scroja ferns 



Ursus arctos Cervus elaphus 



Felis catus Cervus capreolus 



Mustela fohia Cervus euryceros 

 Lutra vulg. 



1 These first results were reported by Gorjanovic-Kramberger in " Der palae- 

 olitische Mensch und seine Zeitgenossen aus dem Diluvium von Krapina in 

 Kroatien." Mitteil. Anthrop. Ges. Wien, Vol. 31, pp. 164-197, 4 pis., 13 figs., 1901. 



