WHOLE VOL. SKELETAL REMAINS OF EARLY MAN — HRDLICKA 221 



those of the present Europeans ; but it is quite probable that the 

 bones present are predominantly those of females. The ribs appear 

 to have been more open, and are somewhat stouter or rounder in 

 cross section than those of present Europeans. A number of the 

 vertebrae show signs of arthritis (of probably senile origin). 



More in detail, the cervical vertebrae, as far as preserved, are not 

 very robust and show a marked shortening of the anterior portions 

 of their bodies, which would seem to indicate that the neck was 

 somewhat arched backward ; but the material is not ample enough 

 for valid generalizations. The lesser curvature of the ribs indicates 

 deeper chests ; while the rounder form of the rib bodies is a primitive 

 condition. 



The clavicles. — Present, 1 1 right and lO left bones, from individuals 

 of different ages. The adult bones are in general slender, none of 

 them reaching the strength of those of the Neanderthal or Spy speci- 

 mens. They show a marked torsion in their distal half, more marked 

 than in modern clavicles. There are marked differences in strength 

 between the right and the left bones, the left being considerably 

 weaker. 



In form most of the Krapina clavicles are flattened, but in one of 

 the well preserved adult bones the shaft is distinctly stouter than in the 

 others. The latter clavicle deserves a special notice. It is evidently 

 a female bone, 14.9 cm. long, with a marked (0 flexion. It is of about 

 medium female strength, though relatively to its considerable length 

 (for a female) it appears slender. The most peculiar features of the 

 bone are at its distal extremity, which is remarkably thick but narrow, 

 looking but little like the average flattened extremity of the modern 

 clavicle. The end, very stubby, looks as if the epiphyseal cap may be 

 missing. Inferiorly there is a very pronounced and long trapezoid 

 ridge reaching to the conoid tubercle, which reversely is but slightly 

 developed. The other clavicles, all more or less damaged, show varied 

 forms. 



The scapulae. — Present, 12 fragments. In general the bones were 

 evidently mudi like those of modern man, nevertheless there are some 

 interesting dififerences in detail. Regrettably the small number of the 

 specimens and their defective state permits of but little valid generali- 

 zation. Professor Gorjanovic-Kramberger has recently (1927) pub- 

 lished a very detailed study of these bones, with many comparisons. 



The humeri. — Fragments of eleven right and eight left bones ; three 

 of the nineteen specimens belong to children. No head of the bone 

 has been found, what remains being usually the lower ends with a 



