WHOLE VOL. SKELETAL REMAINS OF EARLY MAN HRDLICKA 223 



specimens at least, to be located somewhat more inward and backward 

 than in recent man, and the neck in the Krapina bones appears to be 

 somewhat longer and more slender than it is in present Europeans. 



TIic ulnae. — Present. 1 1 fragments. These bones, too, are rela- 

 tively slender. They arc not very different from modern bones of 

 similar strength except in the upper articular facet for the radius, 

 which is of a somewhat different shape (especially narrower from the 

 front backward) ; in the basal portion of the sigmoid cavity, which 

 is shallower than in modern bones ; in the muscular impressions about 

 the head which are more pronounced than in modern bones of similar 

 strength ; and in the top part of the olecranon process which is 

 decidedly larger in the Krapina as in other Neanderthal ulnae, es- 

 pecially in its antero-posterior direction, than in modern man. One 

 of the bones shows advanced arthritis. 



Bones of the hands. — Those that remain are in general much like 

 those of present man. though differing in some details in which the 

 Krapina bones show generally more primitiveness. 



The pelves. — The nine pieces present resemble closely remains of 

 later man, but arc too defective for any important conclusions. The 

 largest remaining piece, comprising most of the left ischium with 

 a large portion of the ilium, is from a male adult and shows about 

 medium masculine proportions. 



The femora. — Present, numerous fragments, clearly intentionally 

 broken for the marrow ; among them were two left upper ends with 

 a portion of the shaft, one male, one female. Both of the large pieces 

 approach in general similar parts of the femora of today ; though 

 there are also some differences. Neither of the bones shows the 

 stocky head and neck of the Neanderthal and the Spy femora, being 

 much more comparable to the bones of today ; nor do any of the 

 fragments indicate a marked forward arching of the whole shaft, 

 such as is present in the western Neanderthalers — in fact, what is 

 preserved would indicate that the shaft was fairly straight. 



The male bone shows very little that could not be duplicated in a 

 modern strong male femur. It has a j-jronounced third trochanter 

 in the form of a ridge reaching from the level of the lower part of 

 the trochanter minor to and over the lower fourth of the trochanter 

 major ; this, too, can be found in modern bones. The subtrochanteric 

 flattening is moderate, though better marked than in the majority of 

 the Neanderthal femora (diam. max., 3.7 ; diam. min., 2.6 cm. ; Index. 

 70.?). The walls of the bone are very thick, es]>ccially antero-mesially 

 (close to 10 mm.) ; the medullary canal on the other hand is very 



