306 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL.83 



The stone implements, of flint and chert, show essentially Mous- 

 terian affinities. There are also, however, some short and long blades 

 and a few other implements that resemble somewhat later types. 



Among the specimens collected from the lowest layer of the Zuttiyeh Cave 

 in 1926 there are a number of fragments of antlers and of limb bones of un- 

 gulates, bearing incisions and markings which are of considerable interest. 

 Some of the markings may be the result of gnawing by Carnivora or Rodentia, 

 but others cannot be accounted for in this way 



One of the most interesting facts disclosed by the study of the animal remains 

 from the Emireh and Zuttiyeh Caves is the definite association of Hippopotamus 

 with a Middle Palaeolithic culture, and the probable association of Rhinoceros 

 hemitocchus with a slightly later culture. This seems to point to the fact that 

 there has not been any great faunal change in this region between the Mouster- 

 ian and the following period. The fact that this rhinoceros is R. hemiioechus 

 and that this species also occurs in Syria is highly important, emphasizing the 

 absence of evidence of a so-called cold fauna. 



Below the Middle Palaeolithic occupation layers of the Zuttiyeh Cave 

 "African" types are represented by the spotted hyaena {H. crocuta) and per- 

 haps by a river hog (Potamochoerus) ; these were associated with a large form 

 of brown bear (Ursns arctos), a typically Palaearctic animal. 



DESCRIPTION OF THE SKULL 



The Galilee skull fragment and its endocranial cast have been 

 studied ably and ingeniously by Sir Arthur Keith.' The writer saw the 

 original in 1927, and has since been able to obtain a good cast of the 

 specimen, together with that of the endocranium. The parts present 

 include the whole frontal, upper parts of the nasals, most of the right 

 malar, and most of the right sphenoid. The frontal and sphenoid 

 show separation at the sutures, indicating on one hand a young 

 person (in the opinion of Sir Arthur Keith probably under 25 years 

 of age), and on the other a separation of the missing parts before 

 the remains reached the place where discovered. As to sex, Sir Arthur 

 inclines to attribute the bones to a female, the writer to a not very 

 robust male. The bones are well preserved, of dark red color, and 

 highly petrified. 



The features are those of the Neanderthal type. There is a 

 stout, but very distinctly bi-arched supraorbital torus. With the 

 striking protrusion of the torus goes also that of the glabellar region, 

 yet the glabella remains behind so that it is located in a marked 

 depression between the ridges, more marked than in any of the other 

 Neanderthalers. The tori (for we must speak of two in this case) 

 are stoutest in their mesial two-fifths, especially on the right (on cast 



* Report on the Galilee Skull ; in the joint Memoir, pp. 52-106. 



