WHOLE VOL. SKELETAL REMAINS OF EARLY MAN — HRDLICKA 309 



well marked inferior swelling of the bone, corresponding to what 

 could be described as a moderate prominence of the region in modern 

 Europeans. The bone forming the malar is throughout somewhat 

 stouter than in modern whites. A portion of attached maxilla indicates 

 a considerably broader alveolar arch than in modern Europeans. The 

 whole face was broad in relation to the vault. The nose also doubtless 

 was broad. 



An interesting condition is seen posteriorly to the external malaro- 

 frontal boundary of the face, as to the post-orbital and alisphenoidal 

 region. This area is much more spacious than in modern whites, 

 owing to the much greater breadth of the orbital plate of the malar 

 and of the greater wing of the sphenoid. The smallest distance be- 

 tween the external border of the frontal process of the malar and the 

 spheno-temporal suture, is (on the cast) 32 mm., the corresponding 

 distance in modern whites oscillating about 20 mm. This meant a 

 large space in the Galilee skull for the temporal muscle, indicating 

 a heavy and large lower jaw with large teeth, as is usual in the 

 Neanderthalers. The sphenoid bone shows some strange conditions 

 in the pterygoid region, but these look abnormal ; they are dealt with 

 in detail by Sir Arthur Keith. 



PRINCIPAL MEASUREMENTS OF THE SKULL 

 (After Keith) 



Max. transverse breadth of torus 1 1 .9 cm. 



Thickness of torus 12.0 mm. 



Diam. frontal min 9.7 cm. 



Diam. frontal max 1 1 .3 



Max. breadth of the skull (estimated) 13.8 



Nasion-bregma diam 1 1 .3 



Orbit ( r. ) height 2)'7 



breadth 4.0 



Index ^2.^ 



CONCLUDING REMARKS 



There can be no doubt about the Galilee skull belonging to the 

 Neanderthal group; but many points, including the accompanying 

 industry as well as the fauna, indicate that it belongs probably well 

 forward in this group. Morphologically, the shape of the forehead, 

 the height of the vault, the size and form of the orbits, and other 

 characteristics, as well as the general features of the brain, point 

 towards later man, while there is yet enough to connect the specimen 

 with the far past. 



