322 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL.83 



tubercles. Transverse torus connects occasionally with mylohyoid 

 ridge. Below mylohyoid ridge in some cases pronounced hollows. 



Inferior border, from premolar region forward, broad, flat and 

 with marked impressions of the digastrics. 



Internal pterygoid fossae — pronounced and spacious. 



Whole bone contrasts from mo<:lern by relative stoutness, length 

 of body, conditions both externally and internally of the frontal 

 portion, and large teeth. 



No dental decay (caries) observed thus far in any true Neander- 

 thaler (La Chapelle?). 



SKELETON 



Vertebrae — Spinous processes of lower cervicals tend to project 

 straight backward ; bodies — relatively low ; indications of various 

 other peculiarities. 



Ribs — stout, broader curvatures. 



Clavicles — relatively long, slender ; other peculiarities. 



Scapulae — not well known ; occasionally primitive features. 



Pelvis and sacrum — not well known ; thoroughly human, though 

 evidently some peculiarities. 



Long bones — relatively large extremities. 



Bones of forearm and leg — relatively short ; but little platybrachy, 

 platymery, or platycnemy. Marked arching of radius and of femur. 

 Pronounced muscular impressions. 



Popliteal space in femora — tends to be convex. 



Linea aspera — slightly to moderately developed. 



Head of upper articular facets of tibia tends to more retroversion 

 tlian in most modern bones. 



Olecranon fossa of humerus — larger and deeper than in modern 

 bones. Olecranon process of ulna stouter ; peculiarities — particularly 

 shallowness of articular facets. 



Bones of hands and feet. — Mostly not well known. 



Metacarpus and metatarsus — relatively stout. Tarsal bones stout, 

 squatty ; peculiarities of articulation. 



Astragalus — -stout ; short neck ; sustentaculum — much developed ; 

 other peculiarities. 



GENERALIZATIONS 



Head. — The head and face were relatively large and heavy ; the 

 nose must have been stout, the mouth large, chin receding. 



Si::e of the brain. — In the size of his brain the Neanderthaler com- 

 pared with man of today ; but morphologically the brain was generally 

 inferior. 



