WHOLE VOL. SKELETAL REMAINS OF EARLY MAN HRDF-ICKA 327 



George Grant MacCurcly (Human Origins, 1924, vol. i, pp. 209- 

 10): 



During ages long subsequent to the time when the races of Piltdown and 

 Heidelberg lived, there spread over the greater part of Europe the primitive 

 Neanderthal race, of coarse mental and physical fiber This race con- 

 tributed nothing, in fact, save utilitarian artifacts, the so-called Mousterian in- 

 dustry The Aurignacians were a "new race," which supplanted com- 

 pletely the archaic Neanderthal race of Mousterian times. 



Sir Arthur Keith (The Antiquity of Man, vol. i, pp. 189-9) : 



The most marvellous aspect of the problem raised by the recognition of Nean- 

 derthal man as a distinct type is his apparently sudden disappearance. He is 

 replaced, with the dawn of the Aurignacian period, by men of the same type as 



now occupy Europe A more virile form extinguished him He was 



not an ancestor of ours, but a distant cousin. 



Henry Fairfield Osborn (Man of the Cave Period, in Alan Rises 

 to Parnassus, p. 79, 1927) '■ 



The Neanderthals present a unique instance of arrested and perhaps partly 

 retrogressive human development. 



All these opinions can probably be traced, directly or indirectly, to 

 the authoritative notions arrived at during the earlier years of this 

 century, on material less ample than at present, by one of the foremost 

 students of Neanderthal man, Gustav Schwalbe. 



There were, and are. however, also other views. From Huxley and 

 Busk to Karl Pearson ; from Fraipont and Lohest, Houze, Kollmann. 

 and Sergi to Stolyhwo. Gorjanovic-Kramberger, and, most recently, 

 Weidenreich, there have been expressed opinions that Neanderthal 

 man was not a different species, and that he did not completely die 

 out, but became gradually transformed into later human forms, from 

 which in turn develoi>ed man of today. 



The problem of Neanderthal man, as it now exists, presents the 

 following uncertainties: It is not yet properly known just where, 

 when, and how he began, and how far eventually he extended 

 geographically; it is not yet definitely known just who he was and 

 what were his phylogenetic relations to the man that succeeded him ; 

 and it is not known plainly just why and how he ended, and whether 

 or not he left any progeny. Besides which there are still but more 

 or less imperfect ideas regarding the exact length of his period, his 

 average physique, his variations and sub-races, the reasons for his 

 relatively large brain, his changes in evolutionary direction. And 

 there are other uncertainties. It thus appears that, notwithstanding 

 his already numerous collected remains, Neanderthal man is still far 

 from being satisfactorily known to us taxonomically, chronologically, 

 and anthropologically. 



