WHOLE VOL. SKELETAL REMAINS OF EARLY MAN— HRDLICKA 329 



Alps, Carpathians, and the Balkan peninsula. The distribution of 

 Neanderthal man in Europe is of much significance, as will be seen 

 later. 



LII\[ITS AND DURATION 



The boundaries and duration of the Neanderthal period are those 

 of the Mousterian culture. They may now be delimited with some 

 precision, though not finality, by data of paleontological, geological 

 and archeological nature. 



PALEONTOLOGY 



Neanderthal man coexisted with a large series of now extinct 

 animals : the question is, how intimately are these forms associated 

 with his coming and going. The Mousterian culture is the culture, 

 essentially, of the earlier times of the mammoth, the woolly rhinoceros, 

 the cave lion, bear, and hyena, the horse, the old ox, the bison, the 

 reindeer, the stag. There are many other forms, but these are the 

 most characteristic. 



The Mousterian culture neither comes in, however, nor ends with 

 any of these large mammals. The mammoth, derived probably from 

 the Trogontherium, is present since at least the Acheulian and lasts 

 to, if not beyond, the end of the Magdalenian time. The cave lion, 

 cave l^ear, and cave hyena, as well as the horse, ox, bison, and even 

 the reindeer are all there since or before the beginning of the 

 Acheulian, and they last throughout the Mousterian, Aurignacian, 

 Solutrean, and Magdalenian periods, to disappear gradually during 

 the latter, or persist to historic times. 



Mousterian man begins apparently during the latter part of the 

 last great interglacial and extends deep into the final glacial time, 

 without perceptible direct relation to the fauna. His remains at 

 Montieres, Villefranche, Ehringsdorf, the rock-shelter Olha, some 

 of the Mentone caves, and elsewhere, are still associated with the 

 remains of the Elephas antiqims, the Merck's rhinoceros, the large 

 lion, and the ]>anther (leopard). On the other hand, various Arctic 

 species {Ovibos, Gulo, Canis lagopus, Lepus arclicus, etc.) come in 

 as the cold advances during the Mousterian period, without, however, 

 marking either its beginning or its end. There is, therefore, no defi- 

 nite line of faunal demarcation for either the beginning or the end of 

 the Mousterian period. Neanderthal man did not come in with any 

 special fauna, nor did he go out with any — all of which are facts 

 of importance. 



