342 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 83 



bility of type and of tendencies of an evolutionary nature, this being 

 particularly true of Spy No. 2, and of the recently discovered Galilee 

 and Ehringsdorf crania. In his excellent description of the Galilee 

 specimen, Sir Arthur Keith has shown that it has a fair forehead 

 with " no suggestion in the vaulting of its frontal bone that the roof 

 of the skull was low and flat, as is usual in Neanderthal skulls." And 

 in his fine reports on the Ehringsdorf (1925, 1927) cranium, F. Wei- 

 denreich shows us a specimen with even better developed frontal 

 region, and a vault of good height. 



But the most instructive, though most neglected, specimens in this 

 connection are the crania of Spy, Belgium. Here the student is 

 confronted with a find in the same terrace and deposits, at the same 

 level, and but 6 feet apart, of two adult male skeletons from the 

 later Mousterian time. One of these skeletons, No. i, has a skull 

 the vault of which is like a replica of that of the Neanderthal cranium, 

 with typically Neanderthal bones of the skeleton. But this same skull 

 is associated with upper and lower jaw and teeth that may be dupli- 

 cated today among the lower races. And the skull of the second 

 skeleton is so superior in size, shape, height of the vault, and height 

 of the forehead, to No. i, that the morphological distance between the 

 two is materially greater than that between No. 2 and some of the 

 Aurignacian crania, such as the Most (Briix) or Brno No. i (Briinn) 

 specimens. 



About the most distinguishing and important marks of difference 

 of the typical Neanderthaler from later man are, we may repeat, the 

 lowness of his head, with low receding forehead and a peculiai pro- 

 truding occiput ; a heavy, supraorbital torus ; a heavy, chinless jaw ; 

 and, as determined from intracranial casts, a low type of brain. It 

 will be well to see how these characters stand the light of our present 

 knowledge. Lowness of the vault, low and receding forehead, and 

 projecting occiput, all show in the series of the Neanderthal skulls 

 known today a large range of gradation, the lower limits of which 

 are well below, but the upper grades of which are well within, the 

 range of variation of the same characters in later, and even present, 

 man. There exists today a whole great strain of humanity, extending 

 from Mongolia deep into America, which is characterized by low 

 vault of the skull (see Cat. Crania, U. S. Nat. Mus., Xos. 1 and 2 ; 

 also Bull. 33, Bur. Amer. EthnoL). Low foreheads are frequent in 

 prehistoric America {Bull. 33, Bur. Amer. EthnoL, and Proc. U. S. 

 Nat. Mus., Vol. 35, pp. 171-75, 1908). The pronounced Neanderthal 

 occiput, such as shown by the La Chapelle, La Quina and La Ferrassie 



