WHOLE VOL. SKELETAL REMAINS OF EARLY MAN HRDLICKA 343 



skulls, would be difficult to fully match in later man ; hut on the one 

 hand the character is not present or marked in all the Neanderthalers, 

 while on the other there are decided approximations to it anions^ recent 

 skulls. 



A heavy supraorliital torus, such as is common to the Neanderthal 

 skulls, is not found in later man ; but not all the Neanderthalers had 

 the torus equally developed (e. g., Gibraltar), and, as has been pointed 

 out by Huxley, Sergi, Stolyhwo, the author and others there are later 

 male skulls in which there is a marked approach to the torus. A whole 

 series of specimens may be mentioned (Podkoumok. Brijx, Brno 

 No. I, Pi^edmost, Obercassel, Alcolea, Djebel-Fartas, two neolithic 

 skulls at Warsaw, the neolithic miner from Strepy at Brussels, etc.) 

 in which the feature is of a distinctly transitional character. More- 

 over, it is well known that, first, the torus is essentially a sexual 

 (male) and adult feature; second, that a reduction of such characters 

 is easier than that of those which are more deeply rooted ; and third, 

 that in the civilized man of today a continuance of such reduction 

 is still perceptible. There is less difference in this respect between the 

 Neanderthal and the skulls just mentioned than there is between 

 these and the mean development of the ridges in the highly cultured 

 man — or, for that matter, the ordinary African negro — of the present. 



Heavy, large, and receding lower jaws, such as the La Chapelle 

 and some of the Krapina specimens, are among the most striking 

 characters of Neanderthal man. Jaws such as these are not known 

 in later skulls. But with them we have within the Neanderthal group 

 itself specimens very much more advanced morphologically toward 

 the present human type, such as Spy No. i, La Quina (1912), and 

 the La Ferrassie. Even at Krapina itself some of the jaws are of 

 a less primitive type than others. Let us add to this the various huge, 

 nearly chinless, and even receding jaws that occur now and then in 

 the Australian, Melanesian, Mongolian, American Eskimo, and 

 Indian, and the picture loses much of its discontinuity. Much the 

 same may be said also of the teeth. Teeth of primitive form — incisors, 

 canines {doits dii cliicii), molars — occur to this day (see A}]i. J. Pliys. 

 Anthrop., 1922-24), while practically modern teeth may already be 

 observed in Spy No. i, and more or less also in other jaws of the 

 Neanderthal group. 



As to the bones of the skeleton, the conditions are quite as signifi- 

 cant as those of the jaws and teeth. There are scales of gradation 

 from forms that stand considerably apart from those of later man 

 (as in Neanderthal, Spy, La Chapelle, Le Moustier) to forms that 



