;62 



Tables 701-703 

 THE EARTHS ATMOSPHERE 



TABLE 701.— Temperature Variation of Lower 25 Km with Latitude and Altitude, 

 Northern Hemisphere (Ramanathan) 



^ Fr T T? gUre ada g ted iro ™ Nature (Ramanathan, 123, 834, 1929) by Samuels (Monthly 

 Weath. Rev., 57 382, 1929). gkm, at right of figure indicates geodynamic kilometers (see 

 tables 698-700 for geodynamic kilometers). The tropopause is the boundary between the 

 lower stratosphere and the upper troposphere. There have been incorporated by Samuels 

 as indicated at the bottom of the plot certain values observed at aerological stations in the 

 United States. The agreement is good. The differences are probably due to greater ex- 

 tremes found in continental America. The broken lines are based on few observations 

 and are mainly conjectural. It is to be noted that : 



(1) The stratosphere is not isothermal over any particular place; above a certain level 

 there is a tendency for the temperature to increase with height. (2) The coldest air over 

 the earth, about 185 K.,* lies at the height of some 17 gkm over the equator, a flat ring 

 surrounded by rings of warmer air. (3) The tropopause surface has a relatively steep 

 S /°?Vi° War - r P between latitudes 30 and 50 in summer, 25° and 45 in winter 



(4) The ring of lowest temperature is displaced towards the summer hemisphere 

 (S o ) ihere is a ridge of high temperature in the tropopause between latitudes 20 and 

 40 N. in summer corresponding to the ridge of high pressure at 8 km over these latitudes 



LrfT/Tt/DE 

 60° 60° 40° 30 



EQuarox 

 /o"__ 0° /o° 



LrfT/TUD£ 

 20° 30° 40° SO° 60° 



CLi.fO&i.C I J SKOESBEC/r 

 D&EXEL BBOXEAr /?/?&OW 



SUMMEft 



GBOESBEC" 1 I ELLE/VO^LC 

 BBOKEK tJff/fOtV OPEXEL 



W/NTER 



TABLE 702. — Seasonal Variation of Tropopause at Agra and Batavia 



Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 



Batavia °K. 184 185 186 187 188 192 193 194 193 190 187 184 



Agra 203 203 203 203 200 195 193 193 193 194 200 204 



TABLE 703. — Seasonal Variation Height of Tropopause over Batavia (km) 

 (Bemmelen, Proc. Roy. Acad. Amsterdam, 20., 1313.) 

 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 

 17.8 17.6 17.3 17.0 16.5 l6.2 16.O 16.5 17.O 17.4 17.6 17.7 



* In the Figure, °A is used equivalent to °K. 

 Smithsonian Tables 



