lO SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 97 



are well developed, and strands of the anterior proboscis extensor 

 have migrated onto the clypeus, so that there appears to be a fourth 

 pair of muscles. 



Pyralidae: In the pyralids examined, the cranial proboscis exten- 

 sor is often absent. In the common wax moth, Galleria mellonella, 

 both tentorial muscles are clearly evident and apparently able to act. 

 The proboscis does not appear to be functional, and it is probable 

 that the proboscis extensors serve only to move the maxillary palpi. 

 The lesser wax moth, Achroia grisella Fab., has only remnants of the 

 tentorial extensors, the proboscis being evident only as two short 

 lobes, apparently nonfunctional. Two other pyralids, Nomophila 

 noctuella and Ephestia kuehniella, have the proboscis well developed. 

 The musculature is complete and the cranial muscle is especially well 

 developed. 



In figure 3 C the head of a pyralid, Desmia funeralis, is represented 

 with the left eye removed. In this case all three proboscis extensor 

 muscles are present, although the anterior tentorial proboscis extensor 

 is very small. The cranial proboscis extensor is remarkably large, but 

 since it originates on the ocular ridge, a relatively thin structure, it 

 may be doubted whether it exerts much force. It may also be seen 

 that a large lobe has been formed on each anterior tentorial arm in 

 order to accommodate a very large antennal muscle, thereby depriving 

 the proboscis extensor muscles of their usual position. Such a sacri- 

 fice of feeding structures for nonfeeding structures may be found in 

 many moths. 



Tortricidae: The tortricids usually possess all three pairs of probos- 

 cis extensors. Figure 10 B represents the head of the common codling 

 moth, Carpocapsa poikonella, as seen when opened by a median sagit- 

 tal cut. The sucking pump is shown in place, but the tentorial exten- 

 sors may be seen just below the pump. 



Psychidae: The male of the common bag-worm moth, Thyridop- 

 teryx ephemeraeformis, was studied in this group. These moths were 

 found to have an extremely degenerate proboscis (fig. 3 B) repre- 

 sented only by two large lobes. Each lobe has a single proboscis ex- 

 tensor muscle, arising on the anterior arm. The antennal muscles, 

 however, are by far the largest muscles in the head. 



Sphingidae: The feeding mechanisms found in this family are gen- 

 erally very well developed. The musculature of the head of one spe- 

 cies of sphingid, Sphinx convolvuli, has already been described to some 

 extent by Berlese (1910). The proboscis niuculature which he found 

 homologizes thus : his no. 190 is the cranial proboscis extensor, his no. 

 171 is the anterior tentorial proboscis extensor, and his no. 172 is the 



