10 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 97 



Analysis of the table shows first that out of the total of 120 

 different elements the historic Pawnee and the Lower Loup Focus 

 have, respectively, 80 and 82 (66.6 and 68.3 percent), and the Oneota 

 Aspect has 74 (or 61.6 percent). Of the 120 traits, furthermore, 

 39 are common to all three culture complexes. Since this represents, 

 respectively, 48.8, 47.6, and 52.7 percent of those found in each 

 complex, it is evident that there is a strong underlying relationship. 

 These "universals" include elements in practically all of the categories, 

 but occur least commonly under the "Architecture and Villages" 

 heading.' As regards specific relationships between any two of the 

 three complexes, we find that 26 traits, or 21.7 percent, occur only in 

 historic Pawnee and the Lower Loup Focus ; ** 9, or approximately 7.5 

 percent, only in the Lower Loup Focus and the Oneota ; " and 3, or 

 2.5 percent, only in historic Pawnee and Oneota. Since it is these 

 relationships within the defined universe of three which are the 

 principal concern here, we may reduce our totals and sharpen the 

 above differentiations by omitting the "universal" traits. Thus, using 

 the 81 nonuniversals as our basis, the percentages become, respectively, 

 32, II, and 3.7. Whichever set of figures is taken, it is apparent that 

 the table indicates very nearly three times as many traits in common 

 between the historic Pawnee and the Lower Loup Focus (and in no 

 other) as in the Lower Loup Focus and the Oneota.^" Evidently the 

 suggested connection between the first two complexes, considered on 

 purely archeological grounds alone, is considerably closer than that 

 between the second pair. This is the more striking in view of the 

 previously indicated fact that the Lower Loup Focus flourished at 

 the very beginning of European contact and approximately con- 



' The single rectangular earthlodge floor found at the Leary site has not 

 been included in the present table since there seems to be general agreement 

 among field workers that this type of structure is not characteristic of the 

 Oneota. I am inclined to agree with McKern's suggestion that the occurrence 

 of earthlodges in the western Oneota sites "may be due to the taking on of foreign 

 traits after leaving the area of earlier occupation." (Letter of Oct. 28, 1937.) 



* Including among others nine in architecture, besides such elements as de- 

 cided predominance of grit tempering, use of grooved paddle in surfacing pottery, 

 small decorated "fishtail" figurines of clay, large elliptical quartzite hide scrapers, 

 bone paint "brushes," notched fleshers, ornamented animal skulls (rare), etc. In 

 the trait list these are Nos. 2, 4-13, 19, 22, 28, 31, ZT, 41, 46, 51-53, 65, 72, 81, 



93. 115- 



* Including five in ceramics, besides diamond-shaped beveled knives, platform 

 disk pipes, scored ribs (tallies?), and antler tip flakers, Nos. 14, 34, 38, 39, 54, 

 62, 75, 113, 120. 



*" Cf. Dunlevy, op. cit., p. 216. 



