DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOLOGY. 103 



southward and inland to the upper waters of the Frazer River, in British 

 Columbia. They touch the waters of the Pacific at Cook's Inlet, in Alaska, 

 and on the coast of northern California and southern Oregon. They 

 are also spread out over Arizona, New Mexico, and northern Mexico. 

 The distance between the most northern and most southern members 

 of this stock is over 40 degrees of latitude. 



The Eskiniauan stock affords an excellent example of a homogeneous 

 people, spread out over many thousands of miles in an eastern and west- 

 ern direction, but always in an arctic or subarctic environment. In 

 this area, however, there is great variety of materials, so that the 

 same apparatus appears in one place, made of walrus ivory, in another 

 of antlers, in another of driftwood, in another of bone. At the lowest 

 points reached by these people may be found implements fashioned from 

 the standing trees. Another source of variety in the production of 

 this stock is the accessibility of the various regions to the whaling indus- 

 try and other forms of trade. In those places from which the trading 

 vessel has been excluded, the people are living in unchanged simplicity. 

 In other parts where the natives have been in close contact with the 

 whites, as in the Russian domain, the acquisition of better tools has 

 enabled them to improve remarkably upon their own arts, and this may 

 fairly raise the question whether in other parts of North America the 

 arts of the aborigines were not bettered by the coming of the superior 

 race. 



The Kiowan stock, so far as we can gain auy knowledge of its 

 spread historically, was confined to a very narrow area in Wyoming 

 and Nebraska. The Kiowas are surrounded by Siouan, Shoshonean, 

 and western Algonquian tribes; furthermore, since their home is on the 

 plains of the great West, the buffalo country, their arts may be expected 

 to resemble those of the surrounding peoples. 



The Shoshoneau stock, joined by Brinton and others with the Piman 

 stock and the Aztecan, is confined chiefly to the Great Interior Basin, 

 with outlying tribes in and across the mountain east and west. In one 

 place, at the Moki villages, we have an example of Shoshoneans living 

 in pueblos; all of the other tribes are dwellers in tents. 



The Pueblo country furnishes an excellent example of the mode 

 of architecture and life controlled by the region, and dominating 

 over both language aud tribal organization. In the open country 

 among these Pueblos dwell the Apache and Navajo, of Athapascan 

 stock, and late intruders from the north. These two peoples of the 

 same family differ very much in ail the arts of life, because the former, 

 refusing to receive flocks from the Spaniards, have continued their 

 course as bloodthirsty savages down to the present moment. On the 

 other hand, the Navajo, accepting flocks of sheep from the Spanish 

 explorers, have learned the value of personal and tribal property, and 

 have changed their mode of life and their industries altogether in ac- 

 cordance with the new state of affairs. 



