THE Sllol'AI.'. 



439 



shebarim, consisting' in the teqi % given three times, and terua, which 

 is simply a prolongation of the teqi' a. Terua gedola, or the greal teru f a, 

 is merely ;m exaggeration of the simple sound ofthatname. The Ger- 

 man Jews sound the teqi' a gedola or great te<ji<<. (Hipkins, p. xiii.) 



Tin 1 sound is produced by the ejection of a volume of air into the 

 trumpet through the lips, which act as a reed, pressed against the ori- 

 fice of the trumpet. 



According to Hipkins the embouchure of the shofar is very di then It, 

 and but three proper tones are usually obtained from it, although in 

 some instances higher notes can be got. The short rythmic flourishes 

 are common, with unimportant differences, to both the German and 

 Portuguese -lews, and consequently date from before their separation. 

 These flourishes, as used in the ritual, are teqi' a CG shebarim C | GC | 

 GC ( Gaud teru'aCGCC | CCCO | OOCC | G usually a tongued vibrato 

 of the lower note. The gedola is the great teqi a. concluding the flourishes 

 (p. xiii). "The notes here given are those usually produced, but from the 

 empirical formation of the embouchure, and a peculiarity of the player's 

 lips, an octave is occasionally produced instead of the normal fifth." My 

 own observation has led me to the conclusion that the production of 

 the octave is quite common. The fundamental, if obtained, is not re- 

 garded as a true shofar note. 



Wetzstein gives the following musical notation. 



Teni'a. Shebarim. Teru'a. Teqi'a gedola. 



c- 



$jjir.ri % 



According to Mishna Bosh hashana (iv, 9) the order of sounding the 

 shofar is as follows: the sounds are blown thrice, the time of the dura 

 tion of the teqi a is equal to that of three teritas, and that of each terua 

 is equal to three disconnected notes. 



From this it would appear that the interrupted sound or shebarim 

 was not known when this Mishna was written. This conclusion, how 

 ever, can not be drawn with certainty. 



THE SHOFAR IN THE LITURGY. 



Portions of the liturgy for New Year's Day have especial reference 

 to the sounding of the shofar. First among these is the hymn, Adonai 

 beqol shofar, by an unknown author: "With the sound of the, trumpet 

 will the Lord publish salvation, to assemble the scattered sheep at the 

 coming (accomplishment) of the vision of salvation. God is exalted with 

 a triumphal shout." 



"With the sound of the trumpet God causes a voice to be heard 

 from heaven, on the holy mountain, and on Jerusalem; then shall the 

 place be established, by Thy right hand shall be restored to its primi 

 tive state. God is exalted with a triumphal shout." 



