444 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1892. 



to assemble "those who are lost in the land of Asshur and those who 

 are outcasts in the land of Egypt." (xxvii, 13.) 



When David removed the ark to Jerusalem the sound of the shofar 

 was heard in the procession. (II Samuel, vi, 15; I Chron., xv, 28.) 



It is mentioned along with other musical instruments as a proper 

 accompaniment of psalmody. u Praise Him with tlie blowing of the sho- 

 far, praise Him with the psaltry and the harp. 1 ' (Ps., cl, 3; cf. also 

 xcviii, 6.) 



Some years ago I was informed it had been introduced into opera by 

 an Italian composer, with what success I do not know. 



WAR HORN. 



The most ancient use of signals of any sort was no doubt to apprise 

 a tribe of the coming of an enemy and to call together the clansmen for 

 defense. Possibly the earliest, certainly the most frequent use of the 

 shofar in Israel, was for military purposes. 



The ancient Egyptians used a trumpet for military purposes, but it 

 was a long, straight metallic instrument like the Hebrew hagogera. 

 (Wilkinson, i, 104f.) 



The troops seemed to have marched to its notes. (Ibid., woodcut 

 289, and Eawlinson, History of Ancient Egypt, Vol. I, p. 491.) 



The shofar could be heard at a great distance. There is an allusion to 

 its loudness in Isaiah (lviii, 1): "Cry with a full throat, spare not, 

 like the shofar lift up thy voice, and declare unto my people their 

 transgression, and to the house of Jacob their sins.' 1 



It played an important part in the imposing demonstration made 

 before the walls of Jericho. (Joshua, VI, 1, o, C, 8, 9, 13, 16, 20.) 



When Gideon was tilled with the spirit of the Lord he assembled 

 the outlaws who composed his army by blowing the shofar (Judges 

 vi. 34). Each man carried one of the instruments and the noise thereof 

 very materially contributed to the surprise of the Midianite army. 

 (Judges, vn, 8, 10, 18, 1$, 20, 22.) 



In the actual narrative itself, the shofar is not as frequently men- 

 tioned as the constancy of its use for certain purposes might lead us 

 to expect. The infrequency of its mention is in a way, however, a sort 

 of evidence of the frequency of its use. The blowing of the bugle is 

 as regular a part of a charge as the horses on which the cavalry is 

 mounted. Its picturesqueness would naturally strike the mind of a 

 poet and so the references to the shofar in the prophetical hooks are 

 numerous. 



In the following nineteen passages from the prophets, the shofar 

 symbolizes war: 



"Tell ye in Judah, and publish in Jerusalem, and say, Blow ye the 

 shofar in the land: call out, gather together, and say, Assemble your- 

 selves, and let us go into the fortified cities." (Jeremiah, iv, 5.) 



"My bowels, my bowels! I am shaken, at the very chambers of my 



