THE SHOFAR. 440 



forming the bore of the horn. (PI. xovn. Fig. 10.) The embouchure is 

 formed on the inner or concave side of the tusk, the ivory being worked 

 away so as to leave a projecting mouthpiece 3f inches long, 1.] inches 

 wide and one half inch high. The instrument itself is 2H inches long; 

 the diameter tapers from 3£ by 3f to three- fourths of an inch. It is made 

 by the Palla Balla negroes of the Lower Congo. 



African war horn made of elephant's tusk, rudely carved about the 

 mouth hole and smaller end. It is suspended by a cord of human hair 

 sennit. The natural cavity forms the bore of the horn. The embouch- 

 ure is made in the concave side of the horn and is elliptic in shape. 

 The instrument is 20 inches long, the diameter of the bell being 3£ 

 inches. There are four other war horns of elephant's tusks, made in 

 various parts of Africa, which do not differ iu form from the specimens 

 described above. 



The natives of Sumatra use a trumpet made of the horn of a cow.* 



The earliest metal trumpets were constructed on the same principle 

 as the shofar, and in some cases the form of the instrument is plainly 

 a copy of some natural horn.t 



Iu one of the smaller mounds at Tello, M. de Sarzec discovered a 

 fragment of a large bronze statue. "It was," he says, "a life sized 

 bull's horu of bronze plating, mounted on a wooden frame, but the 

 wood was carbonized by the action of fire." 



There is a Siamese engraved copper horn in the U. S. National 

 Museum shaped like a buffalo horn. (PI. xcvir, Fig. 5.) The British 

 Museum possesses a bronze Etruscan cornu (engraved), constructed ou 

 the same principle (Engel, p. 33). Of similar pattern was the tuba. 

 Both the cornu and the tuba were employed in war to convey signals 

 (ibid., p. 36). 



The Greeks had a curved horn, Jceras, made of brass, and a straight 

 horn, salpinx, exclusively used in war (ibid., p. 32). Trumpets are 

 often mentioned by writers who have recorded the manners and cus- 

 toms of the Indians at the time of the discovery of America (ibid., 

 p. 67). No specimen of such trumpets have so far been discovered 

 among North American aboriginal remains. A wooden wind instru 

 ment is in use among the Oarvadoo, an Indian tribe in Brazil. " With 

 this people it is the custom for the chief to give on his war trumpet 

 the signal for battle, and to continue blowing as long as he wishes the 

 battle to last" (ibid., p. 69). 



The metallic descendant of the Indian buffalo horn, the shringa, men- 

 tioned above, is the rana shringa, an outdoor instrument made of cop- 

 per, formerly used in military and now universally iu religious pro 

 cessions throughout India, both by Hindus and Mohammedans, the 



* Indonesien, oder die Inseln dea malayischen Archipel, von A. Bastian. in. IAeferung. 

 Sumatra und NackCarackaft. Berlin, 18X6. PI. 11, No. 5. 



tBabelon: Manual of Oriental Antiquities, p. 37; Revue archc'uloyiqut, 1883 (3 e 

 sene, t. 11), PI. xx. 



H, Mis. 114, pt. 2 29 



