and Laboratory Methods. 1251 



pies of physiology, habits of life and life history. To be sure, none of these 

 phases go far into details, but it is the aim to lay a foundation which will make 

 later study of animals, from whatever standpoint, more interesting and more 

 intelligible, because there is included in the foundation work those great prin- 

 ciples of animal structure and function which are of wide interest and 

 application. With a foundation thus gained from the careful study of a suitable 

 representative type, the pupil is usually eager to study each animal as it is 

 brought before him as thoroughly as the introductory type, that is, from the 

 various aspects of zoology. 



As an introductory type, the crayfish has some decided advantages over other 

 forms frequently used for beginners. In the Horace Mann High School the cray- 

 fish is viewed from the view-points indicated above. The study embraces lectures, 

 readings, recitations and laboratory work. The author gives a complete out- 

 line of the subject matter as presented to his classes, which must, unfortunately, 

 in this review, be reduced to only the general heads, which are as follows : 

 " General External Structure of the Crayfish," " General Internal Structure," 

 " Introductory Microscopic Work and Elementary Histology," " Elementary 

 Embryological Study," " General Principles of Animal Physiology as Illustrated 

 by the Crayfish," " Summary of the Introduction." 



This work is followed by a more limited survey of forms, both invertebrate 

 and vertebrate, which are studied chiefly from the standpoint of external struc- 

 ture, although other phases are considered as time permits. These forms are 

 presented in the following order : 



1 . Crustaceans. 



2. Arachnids. 



3. Insects. 



(a) grasshopper ; (/>) butterfly ; (c) life history of cricket, beetle, 

 bee, ant, fly, may-fly, cicada. 



4. Worms. 



(a) earth worms ; (/-) flat worms ; (c) round worms. 



5. Coelenterates. 



(a) hydra ; (<^) hydroid colony (Pennaria, Obelia, Parypha or Cam- 

 pan ularia) ; (c) corals, 

 (j. Sponges. 



7. Protozoa. 



8. Echinoderms. 



(a) starfish; (S) sea-urchin. 



9. MoUusks. 



{a) gasteropods ; {F) lamellibranchs ; {/) cephalopods. 



10. Vertebrates {Jive weeks ^ 



{a) amphibians ; {p) fishes ; {c) reptiles ; {(i) birds ; (<?) mammals. 



The above outline may be made the basis for a full year course with much 

 more satisfactory results, perhaps, than for a half year course, as a year's time 

 is none to long in which to cover the field indicated. 



Botany (Lloyd). — In general the methods and aims pursued in the course in 

 botany are similar to those indicated above for the course in zoology. It is the 



