1448 Journal of Applied Microscopy 



advanced ideas of the times regarding laboratory instruction. That of the 

 physiological department will be described at another time. The outfits for the 

 laboratories of pathology will include modern microscopes, furnished with suit- 

 able optical parts for the study of animal tissues and bacteria, complete bacteri- 

 ological outfits, for the study of the relation of bacteria and other parasites to 

 pathological formations, new and complete photographic, micro-photographic, 

 and projection apparatus, and a special outfit consisting of kymographs, respira- 

 tory apparatus, etc., for the study of subjects in ' general and experimental 

 pathology. 



The assistants' and research rooms will contain individual outfits for histo- 

 logical and bacteriological study. This will be in addition to those provided for 

 the use of undergraduates and advanced (or post-graduate) students in the gen- 

 eral laboratories. 



It is intended to cultivate and promote a spirit of independent and research 

 work, both in respect to students taking the course in medicine and graduates 

 who have such preliminary training as to adapt them to this work. 



A feature of the undergraduate instruction that may be well to indicate 

 especially, is the close union between the laboratories of pathological-histology 

 and morbid anatomy, and the museum of pathology. In order that the gross 

 changes in and appearances of organs may be correlated with the histological 

 alterations as shown by the microscope, the gross specimens will be exhibited in 

 the laboratory of morbid anatomy during the exercises on pathological-histology. 

 The arrangement of rooms and seating is such that the student may enter one 

 room from the other without creating disturbance, or interfering with the 

 illumination of the microscopes in his rear. 



It is believed that the use of enormous glass fronts for the histological labora- 

 tories will provide such abundance of north light as to make all the seats of 

 equal value for microscopical work. Simon Flexner. 



University of Pennsylvania. 



Magnifiers. 



After some years' experience as teacher and examiner of classes requiring in 

 their work the use of magnifying lenses, I have come to the conclusion that 

 fewer persons know how to make good use of simple microscope than of the 

 compound one. 



The majority of students whom I have met have used either the folding 

 lens or the tripod. The former is convenient for carrying in the pocket, but has 

 the disadvantage of requiring the exclusive use of a hand, leaving only one free 

 to manipulate or dissect the object under examination. Such single-handed 

 manipulation is tedious and frequently gives very imperfect and unsatisfactory 

 results. With wire and cork, one can improvise a holder for the folding magnifier, 

 but so mounted it is less satisfactory than the tripod. 



Within two years I have tried, with three classes of nearly one hun- 

 dred students in each, the magnifier known as the watchmaker's glass with two 



