1544 Journal of Applied Microscopy 



NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL HISTOLOGY. 



Joseph H. Pratt. 



Harvard University Medical School, Boston, Mass., to whom all books and 

 papers on these subjects should be sent for review. 



Hirschmann, A. Pathologisch-anatomische Stu- This paper is based upon a histological 

 dien iiber acute u.chronische laryngitis nicht- , , r , , . , 



specifischen Ursprungs nebst Bemerkungen Study of twenty-four larynges which 



iiber Vorkommen von Plasma- und Mastzel- were the seat either of acute or chronic 



len. Virchow's Archiv fiir path. Anat. 164 : . ^ . ^ r i i 



541-569, 1901. inflammation. Cases of tuberculous 



or syphilitic laryngitis were excluded. 

 Formalin was the fixing agent employed. It was found that mast-cells are as 

 well preserved by formalin as by alcohol. Earlier writers have claimed that 

 alcohol yields the best results in the study of mast-cells. The tissues were 

 embedded in parafBn. Sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin, 

 orcein, thionin, and polychrome methylen blue. 



Plasma cells were not found either in the normal or inflamed larynx. 

 Laryngitis is usually due to an irritant which is too weak to cause an extensive 

 destruction of cells. There is generally a marked emigration of leucocytes and 

 proliferation of cells. The author found mast-cells in every case of laryngitis 

 examined. This agrees with the view that these cells are found especially in 

 those organs which are the seat of a mild, chronic inflammation. He holds that 

 mast-cells are due to the long continued action of a mild irritant, while plasma 

 cells are due to the long continued action of a strong irritant. 



Hirschmann claims that mast-cells are derived from leucocytes. Large mono- 

 nuclear leucocytes wander from the blood vessels into an inflammatory area and 

 are there converted into mast-cells by ingesting the products of inflammation. It 

 is these products of inflammation which give the cell its characteristic color. 

 The different forms of mast-cells which have been described are simply different 

 stages in the development of the cell. For the demonstration of mast-cells 

 either thionin or aqueous methylen blue gives as good results as polychrome 

 methylen blue. j. h. p. 



Melnikow=Raswedenkow. Studien uber den The black jaundice of Tyrol is herein 

 Jb^chinococcus alveolans sive multilocularis. •' ^ 



Ziegler's Beitriige zur path. Anat., Supple- pretty clearly established as a separate 

 mentheft4: 1-295. i9°'- type of echinococcus disease, endemic 



in Tyrol. The multilocular type is found also in various parts of Germany and 

 Russia in such degree, as to play some part in the differential diagnosis of liver 

 affections, such as cancer and cirrhosis. In all, 2;>5 cases are reported. Mel- 

 nikow-Raswedenkow presents the protocols of 101 cases, besides 8 cases in 

 animals, and seeks to establish the parasitology, general pathology, and patho- 

 logical anatomy of the affection which he prefers to call alveolar echinococcus 

 disease. 



As early as 185G, Virchow had made clear the parasitic nature of what was 

 before confused with colloid, or even with colloid cancer. It is interesting to 

 find that at least the alveolar type of echinococcus disease is hardly surpassed 



