TEMPORAL CLAUSES IN HERODOTUS. 

 By Ha vex 1). Brackett. 



Presented by 11. Weir Smyth, February 8, 1905. Received February 17, 1905. 



Introduction. 



The purpose of this study is in general twofold; first, to discover and 

 record the facts, so far as they can be ascertained, concerning the use of 

 temporal clauses in Herodotus ; and secondly, upon the basis of these 

 facts, to determine as far as possible the general principles of Herodotus's 

 usage, and to apply these principles, where it may be possible, in deter- 

 mining the true reading of the text. 



The relation of time is expressed in Greek in a variety of ways : we 

 are concerned here however with those sentences only in which this 

 relation is expressed by a temporal clause which is introduced by a 

 temporal conjunction or a similar expression. 



The temporal relation of one clause to another may be that of ante- 

 cedence, or of contemporaneity, or of subsequence. But not all temporal 

 clauses can be ranged under any single one of these classes. Further- 

 more, there may arise certain combinations of these relations. Ante- 

 cedence may be combined with contemporaneity, as in Her. 9, 117*: 



inet Se TroXiopKeopevourl crept, (pdiuonoypov eneyiveTO, TJKT^aXAoi/ ol ' AQnvaloi. k.t.\.. 



where the action of eneyivfro had not ceased when that of rja^aWov began. 

 Contemporaneity may also be combined with subsequence, as in Time. 

 8, 45, 1 : kv hi tovtco ical '4ti Trporepov, irpiv e'r tt)v 'P68ov civtovs dvacrTrjuai. raSe 

 eVpdo-uero.f 



All the moods of the Greek verb express the character of the action. 

 There are three kinds of action which are expressed by the Greek verb : 

 (1) action evolving itself or in process of development; (2) action at a 

 point, simply attained or brought to pass ; (3) action completed, to which 

 is often added the idea of a permanent result. The terminology of the 

 first two -of these kinds of action has varied widely ; they will be desig- 

 nated here as extensive and aoristic, respectively. 



* Passages in Herodotus are cited according to the edition of Dietsch, revised by 

 Kallenberg : Herodoti Historiarum Libri ix, Lipsiae, 1898. 



t Cf. Warren, Conjunctional Temporal Clauses in Time, Berlin, 1897, p. 37. 



