BRACKETT. — TEMPORAL CLAUSES IN HERODOTUS. 177 



that the idea of " before " was more prominent in the writer's mind than 

 that of " until." * For 1, 1G5, see below, p. 180. 



The reading in 4, 9, pix^fli which is given by Kallenberg, Holder, 

 and van Herwerden (paxdrj), is surely right. 



After affirmative clauses, temporal clauses with irplv always take the 

 infinitive, irplv used with the infinitive after an affirmative clause has 

 the idea of " until " as well as " before " in these passages : 4, 1 ; 6,119; 

 9, 13, 101. npoTfpov rj, like irplv and np\v rj, meaning " before," and refer- 

 ring to simple past action, takes the infinitive. 



In clauses of subsequence Herodotus nowhere changes the indicative 

 or the subjunctive to the optative after a secondary tense in indirect 

 discourse. 



Future action is expressed in the temporal clause by the subjunctive; 

 the future indicative is found but once, 9, 58 : Siaxreoc rial es 6 KaraXap- 

 cpdevres btoanwi f]ptv . . . 8iKas. Fiichsf thinks that the use of the future 

 here expresses Mardonius's confidence that he will punish the Greeks. 

 Gildersleeve t calls attention rightly to the presence of the aorist parti- 

 ciple KaraXapcpdevres, and sees in the expression not confidence but grim- 

 ness. It is certainly not impossible to recognize in the sentence both of 

 these ideas. 



An interesting passage is found in 8, 7 : tcivtci PovXevadpevoi dnenepirov 

 tcov vecov ras ra\6elaas, avroi ovk iv vow e'xovTes tcivttjs ttjs rjfj.eprjs rotcri EXXrjai 

 emdqtrfcrOai, ovde irporepov r) to avvdrjfxd o~(fii epeXke (f>avi']0~eo-6ai irapa tg>v 



■Mpiw'keovTuv cby rjKovToav. There is here a confusion of direct and indirect 

 discourse. The idea contained in -rvporepov . . . tpeXXe is really a part of 

 the original thought of the Persians who despatched the ships. But 

 Herodotus, instead of incorporating this in the indirect discourse, writes 

 from the viewpoint of the time when he speaks and says : " They were 

 not going to attack until the signal, which was going to be shown, was 

 displayed to them." A close parallel to this passage is found in Xen. 



Anab., 3, 1, 2: lv ttoWtj dnopia rjaav . . . evvoovpevoi pev on dyopdv 8e ov8t\s 



en Trape^eiv enc'Wev, k.t.X. Goodwin translates § : u *nor did they mean to 

 attack until the signal was ready to be given," and adds, " with npiv we 

 should probably have had 7rp\v av pfWrj" But the context shows that 



* Cf. Goodwin, Moods and Tenses, 627; Sturm, in Schanz's Beitrage, Bd. 1, 

 p. 293. 



t DieTemporalsiUze mitden Konjunktionen"bis " und "solangeals," in Schanz's 

 Beitrage, Heft 14, 1902, pp. 71 ff. 



t Am. Jour. Phil., 24 (1903), p. 401. 



§ Moods and Tenses, 653. 

 vol. xli. — 12 



