BRACKETT. — TEMPORAL CLAUSES IN HERODOTUS. 179 



In 7, 171, this passage occurs: aim Toirav 8e crept . . . At/xw re K<u 

 \oipov yevecrOcu, tore to devrepou epr]pc>>6ficrr)s KprjTt]s . . . rplrovs qvtijv viv 

 vepeo-6di Kprjras. Liddell and Scott, s. v. eWe, [,d. say that the infinitive 

 with core stands here for the optative. This is impossible ; past generic 

 action is out of the question here, and there was no subjunctive in the 

 oratio recta, since the clause tore . . . vepeaBai does not refer to future 

 time at all. The structure of the entire sentence is loose and brachyo- 

 logical ; the thought fully expressed would be this: " famine and pesti- 

 lence befell them [and continued] till Crete was devastated a second 

 time ; and now," etc.* 



A noteworthy passage is found in 4, 42 : (minep-^e Qoivwas nvBpas 



7rAoioict, evTeiKapevos es to otticto> oY HpaKkecav aTrjXewu SieKTrheeiv ewr es tt]v 

 Poprjirjv GaKacrcjav kcu ovtco es AiyvnTov dniKveecrdiu. Nearly all editors and 

 commentators regard eats here as the conjunction meaning "until," and 

 take airiKviecrddi as an infinitive used on the principle of oratio obliqua. 



The original form of the thought was this : dieKnXe'eTe «W av . . . airacverj- 



o6e. and if any change was to be made, we should expect here ecos . . . 

 airiKveoivro.^ The use of the infinitive here is in the highest degree 

 strange. Fuchs compares this passage with the is 5 clauses which 

 have the infinitive, t but he overlooks the fact that in the es b clauses 

 the verb nowhere refers to future time. There are the following 

 objections to taking «W here as "until." First, there is no other 

 passage in classical Greek where ecos is used with the infinitive. No- 

 where, in Herodotus or in any other classical writer, is the infinitive 

 certainly used in oratio obliqua for a finite mood in a temporal clause 

 which refers distinctly to future time. Secondly, the tense of cmiKvitadai, 

 if it be connected with ecus, has not been satisfactorily explained. § We 

 should expect here the aorist. [| As to Herodotus's usage elsewhere, ecos 

 is found meaning " until " in two other passages, 7, 23, and 100; in both 

 cases the verb is dniKveeo-Oat. and is in the aorist indicative. Thirdly, in a 

 sentence in 4, 43, which is exactly parallel to ours : Aiftvijv yap ol dvdyKrjv 

 ecreadu nepnrXeeiv, es b av an'iKrjTai nepinXecov, k r.X., where an infinitive in 

 oratio obliqua precedes the temporal clause, the subjunctive is retained 



* Cf. Fuchs, op. cit, p. 76; Gildersleeve, Am. Jour. Phil., 24, p. 401. 



t Goodwin, Moods and Tenses, 695. 



t Op. cit., p. 75. Fuchs's statement on p. 77 (" indirekte Rede — Beziehung auf 

 Thatsiichliches ") is incorrect. 



§ Gildersleeve, Am. Jour. Phil., 24 (1903), p. 401, calls attention to the plural, 

 T:\oioiai, but this can hardly be considered a certain and satisfactory explanation. 



II See below, p. 206. 



