BRACKETT. — TEMPORAL CLAUSES IN HERODOTUS. 193 



W (fTredu), ZneiSf) and iireire (1, 27, 54, 62, 70, 83 ; 3, 69, 117 ; 4, 3, 

 43, 112, 165; 5, 34, 115; 6, 17; 7, 28, 163, 172, 220; 8, 108, 144; 

 9, 7/3, 12, 76), the aorist is everywhere used in accordance with the 

 principles above stated, except in one passage, l ? 70: airo\ 8e 2dp.ioi 



Xeyovai cos eVeiTe vcTTeprjaav oi ayovTes tcov AaKtSaipovicov tov Kparrjpa, 

 ' TvvvddvovTO 8e S'ipSis T€ Kai Kpoiaov r/XcoKtvai. anthovro tov xparrfpa, k.t.X. 



Here, although we might have expected the aorist, the imperfect was 

 used because the action of irrwddvovTo was regarded as not entirely 

 finished when they sold the bowl; not, therefore, "when they had 

 learned," but rather, "after the report began to reach them," or, "was 



coming to their ears." Cf. 1, 35 : sirvvBdvero OKoBev re kci\ tis e'lrj, k.t.X. 

 aladduopai does not occur with bc at all. pnvBdvco is used with if 

 temporal 10 times (1, 80, 160; 2, 107; 3, 78; 7, 189; 8, 97, 109, 

 128 ; 9. 19. 47), and ivvvOdvopaL 30 times (1, 122, 127, 128 ; 2, 118, 181 ; 



3. 22, 64; 4, 113, 120; 5, 15, 79. 92 y , 104, 105, 122 ; 6, 23, 85, 103 ; 

 7, 35, 119, 146, 147, 173, 177, 192, 225 ; 8, 21 ; 9, 5, 58, 98). The 

 imperfect of pavddvco does not occur in these examples, the imperfect of 



Trvv6dvop.cn but twice. In 2, 118 : eXcwai 8e to Tf'i)(os u>s ovk eCpalvtro f] 

 'EXevy], dXXci tov civtov Xoyov tco nporepw enwddvovr >, k.t.X.. the causal mean- 

 ing is strong, probably stronger than the temporal ; and in 5, 79 : cos 



InvvddvovTO 8e XeyovTcov avrcov tcov oy^iora 8eeo~6ai, eiirav ol Qq,3aioL aKovcravTcs 



tovt<ov, as is shown by aKovaavTes TovTcov, which is a reiteration, with 

 somewhat more exactness, of the temporal clause, Herodotus here was 

 writing loosely, without regard for the strict temporal relation. 



ukovo) is used with o>y 21 times, with okcos once (1, 66, 67, 90, 119, 

 141, 158, 160; 3. 25, 128, 156; 4, 136; 5, 32, 89; 6, 80; 7, 14, 102, 

 169; 8, 137; 9. 8, 111, 115; 5kcos, 4. 129). In 21 cases the aorist 



is found in all MSS. 3, 25 : oia 8e ippavris re ecov Kal ov (pptvfjprjs, cos rJKove 

 tcov 'l)(dvo(pdyu)V, io-TpareveTO, k.t.X. ; rJKOve, ABCP ; fJKOvcre, R S ; {JKOvae is 



edited by van Herwerden and Holder. rJKovo-e is almost certainly the 

 right reading. The clear supposition is that the action of fj<ove (fJKovo-f) 

 was purely antecedent and, secondly, Herodotus nowhere else uses the 

 imperfect of this verb with it. 



opdco is used with cos in a temporal clause 30 times, with okcos four 

 times. The imperfect occurs only four times (1, 87 ; 4, 134 ; 5, 91 ; 7, 

 45), and in each case the overlapping character of the action is clear. 



As regards clauses of antecedence in which the action of the verb is 

 negatived, a rathe]- surprising state of affairs confronts us. The action 

 of the verb in a clause of antecedence is negatived 46 times : eirei — 



4, 33; 5. 67; 7. 211 ; 9, 13: Imke — 1. 94. 165; 2, 150, 181, 181 2 ; 



VOL. XLI. — 13 



