BRACKETT. — TEiMPORAL CLAUSES IN HERODOTUS. 195 



9, 13: eVei 8e ovk enet$€, k.t.X., "when he could not (saw that he could 

 not) persuade them," etc., and the same expression, 1, 112, 163 ; 2, 121 8 ; 

 5, 36, 104 ; 8, 4. The imperfect thus used is often best rendered in 

 English by a periphrasis, as 8, 125 : cV«Vc ovk «Vuuero Xeycof, k.t.X., " When 

 he would not cease," or, as Macaulay well renders it, "When he cease- 

 lessly continued to repeat this." * The use of the imperfect in negative 

 clauses of antecedence furnishes, it seems to me, a striking confirma- 

 tion of the doctrine mentioned above, regarding the imperfect with a 

 negative. 



On Certain Forms of yivopai. 



The occurrence in the MSS. and editions of Herodotus of certain 

 forms of the verb yivopai shows such aberrations from Herodotus's usage 

 elsewhere that it will be convenient to treat these forms separately. I 

 will first consider these forms in clauses with Iwei, inedv, Inabr) and entire. 

 Some form of the imperfect or the aorist (iyivopTfv, tyevopr/v) indicative, or 

 of the present or aorist subjunctive (yivopai, yivu^ai), occurs in these 

 clauses 60 times: 1, 9, 45,58, 70, 84, 105, 105.,, 182, 182,, 189, 190, 

 216 ; 2, 60, 78, 89, 92, 93, 97, 103, 107, 181, 181,; 3, 15, 25, 26, 45, 69, 

 78, 80, 117 ; 4, 9, 23, 80, 173, 180, 187 ; 5, 24, 33, 50 ; 6, 19, 43, 58, 

 91, 118 [122] ; 7, 23, 44, 44. 2 , 77, 207; 8, 37, 76, 76 2 , 121, 137 ; 9, 4, 

 69, 96, 98, 117 («ri-) ; one of these examples is in a passage which is 

 doubtless spurious (6, 122). Out of these 63 clauses, in 51 cases where 

 the MS. authority is either entirely or nearly unanimous, the usage of 

 the aorist or of the present stem conforms wholly to the principles above 

 laid down for antecedent and overlapping action. In examining the 

 cases which show divergence from normal usage, the following facts 

 should be kept in mind. First, I assume as a fundamental proposition 

 that the imperfect and the aorist of yivopai cannot under any circumstan- 

 ces have exactly the same meaning and force f ; it is admitted at once 

 that there may be places where it is possible to use either tense, but 

 whichever tense is chosen carries a shade of meaning at least slightlv 

 different from that of the other. Many examples could be given to show 



* G. C. Macaulay, The History of Herodotus, trans, into English, 1890. I should 

 like here to call attention to the great accuracy with which this translator has ren- 

 deied the tenses of the original, an accuracy as difficult to attain as it is refreshing 

 in a work of this kind. 



, t Cf. Kiihner, Gr. Gram., II, 1, 383, 3 : " Eine Vertiiuschung der Zeitformen anzu- 

 nehmen ist durchaus unstatthaft." Gildersleeve, Syntax, 212 : "An actual inter- 

 change of tenses is not to be admitted except in the case of a few old preterites such 

 as i\v and icprjv." 



