BRACKETT. — TEMPORAL CLAUSES IN HERODOTUS. 107 



the soldiers had actually passed by the city before the time of io-vXrjo-av : 

 hence it is a fair inference that the dXiyoi rives had already arrived at the 

 city before they sacked the temple. Indirect evidence upon the question 

 of the tense in such a case as this can justly be drawn from the usage of 

 Herodotus in synonymous words or expressions. Now yiveadai iv in 

 such a passage as this is practically equivalent to duiKvleaOai. dniKveeaBai 

 occurs, with and without a preposition, in clauses of antecedence G7 times, 

 and in every case the tense used is the aorist. Pakeographically too, the 

 change from e to i by the loss of the transverse stroke is easier than the 

 opposite change, iyevovro is surely to be preferred in this passage. 



2, 10/ : eneire iyivero dvaKopi(6pevos ev Adcpvyai . . ., rbv d8eX(pebv eatvrov, 

 . . . rovrov eiii £eivia avrov KaXeaavra aai TTpbs aiirco roi/s naidas irepivrjo'^i i'^codev 

 rrjv oikltjv vXij, nepivrjaavra be vnonprjcrai. 



iyivero, ABCP, Kal., H., St.; iyivero, Rz, Krtig. vH. Here, again, 

 we have ylveo-dat with a preposition, in the sense of "arriving." In this 

 case the context shows that the action of nepivrjo-ai could not take place 

 while Sesostris was still arriving (i.e., while that act was going on), and 

 did not take place until he actually arrived at Daphnae. According to 

 Herodotus's usage with other verbs, iyivero is here impossible. 



2, 103 : Kal entire iyivero eVl <&do~i Tvorapco, ovk e\<i> • • • elneiv etre aiirbs 

 6 (3ao~iXevs 2eo~a)o~rpts dnoBaadpevos rijs ea>vrov aTpurirjs popiov ocrov 8r) avrov 

 KareXnre .... ewe rcov rives o~rparia>rea>v rrj nXavrj avrov d^Becrdevres nepi Qdaiv 

 Tvorapbv Karepeivav. 



iyivero, ABR, St., Kal., H. ; eyeVero, CPz, vH., Ab., Kr. Here the 

 simple and obvious meaning is, as Macaulay translates, " when he came 

 to the river Phasis." Moreover, the action of both KariXme and nare- 

 peivav could not well take place until the army had actually arrived at 

 the river. To express this meaning the aorist is much to be preferred. 



In five passages, where all the MSS. agree, the appearance of the 

 imperfect is such as to occasion surprise. 



1, 70 : ol pev AaKeSaipovioi Xiyovo'i u>s eneire dyopevos is rcis 2dp8is 6 Kpr]ri)p 

 iyivero Kura rrjv ^apirjv, nvBopevoi ^dptoi dneXoiaro avrov vrjval paKpfjai eni- 

 nXcoaavres. 



The imperfect must mean here, "after they were getting (coming) 

 opposite the land of Samos"; the aorist would mean, "after they came 

 opposite." There is no discernible reason here why Herodotus should 

 emphasize the idea of continuance, as iyivero necessarilv would. For 

 this reason, and for the reasons given above under 1, 105, I regard it 

 as more probable that Herodotus wrote iyivero, though the imperfect is 

 not impossible. 



