BRACKETT. — TEMPORAL CLAUSES IN HERODOTUS. 201 



In 7, 20, the clause ore 2<vdai . . . evepovTo is epexegetic of the ex- 

 pression rov 2kv6ik6i> [crroAoy]. 



The perfect stem occurs in clauses of contemporaneity but rarely, as 

 would be expected. In Herodotus, 7, 158 : avrol 8e Zpev nporepov 8erjd(VTos 



(3ap(3apiKov (TTparov avvfrra^racrOai, ore poi npos Ka p^rjdoi/iovi feucoy avvrJTTTo, . . . 



ovre . . . fjXBere, k.t.X., the pluperfect a-wrjuTo expresses the completion of 

 the action, together with the resulting state, in the extensive aspect. 

 Cf. Time, 2. 95, 2,* and Herodotus, 9, 8. In 9, 39 : rjpepai 8e o-cpi dvriKciTij- 



pivoicn rjdrj iyeyovecrav oKTat. ore ravra eKelvos avvefiovXeve Map8oviu>, we have 



an example of inversion. The pluperfect expresses an action not con- 

 temporaneous with that of awepovXeve, but completed at the time of 

 that verb. 



The periphrastic form of the perfect middle or passive occurs twice, 

 2, 121e (eir) epyaapevos), and 9, 75 (t'crrt . . . i£(pyao-pei>ov). In both 



cases the ore clause is epexegetic ; in 9, 75, the aorist would have been 

 expected, but tori is emphatic ; in English : " there is another famous 

 deed which was done by Sophanes." 



The historical present is found in the clauses now under discussion, but 

 OUCe, o, 136 : ev a> 8e ovtoi ravra eVacr^oi', 6 ArjpoKr)8r]s es ttjv Kporava 

 aniKveeTai, and here dniKvefrai is clearly aoristic 



In Herodotus, as in Thucydides, the action of the temporal clause is 

 only rarely inserted into the action of the main verb. But two cases of 

 this kind occur in clauses with ore, 5, 30 : 6 yap 'laTia'tos . . . hvyxave 



TOVTOV TOV ^pot/Of (U)V €l> SoiHTOUTl OT( 01 N(j£lQt tfXdoV, K.T.X. j aild 9, 8 : OTf 8e 



'\X(£av8pos aTrtKeTO es ttjv 'ArrtKijv, ovkco aTreTere/^tcrro, k.t.X. In 1, 21 : aliTiKa 

 enepne KrjpvKa . . . fiovXopevos anov8as iroir]crao-6aL . . . xpovov ocrov av tqv 



vr\hv olKoSnpfT), the expression is elliptical and the verb upon which the 

 temporal clause depends is not formally expressed. Cf. 4, 201 : eW av 



t) yrj avTrj ovtu) i'xili P eve ^ v T0 opKiov, K T.X. 



C. Clauses of Subsequence. 



1. Main Clause. 



As we have seen above, clauses of subsequent action can be divided 

 into two classes : clauses of mere subsequence, in which cases the in- 

 troducing conjunction (rrplv, irplv fj, nporepov rj) means "before"; and, 

 secondly, clauses that define the posterior limit of the main action, 

 where the temporal conjunction (npiv, eoos. pexpi, p^xP 1 °^> <"xP L °*i 6 ' s °) 

 means "until." 



* Cf. Warren, Temp. Clauses in Thuc, p. 35. 



