BRACKETT. — TEMPORAL CLAUSES IN HERODOTUS. 203 



takes the imperfect.* In the following passages the imperfect expresses 

 continued action: 9, 13: irpiv pev vvv rj Trvdeadat, dveKu>\fve, k.t.X. ; 4, 1 : 

 oiroi yap vp\v rj IkvOus aniMcrdai* r)px° v T >]S 'Actijj?. In 6, 119: fiao~i\evs 6V 

 Aapetor, Tvpiv pev ai^uaXwrovj yeviaOai tovs 'EperpUas, evelxe crept heivbv %6Xov. 

 k.t.X., the periphrastic expression, Ivel^e x°^ ov , requires the imperfect, 

 since iv'to~x* x ^ " would have signified, "he conceived heavy anger." It 

 is worthy of note that in all of the passages just mentioned, except two, 

 the temporal clause is in the abnormal order, i. e., before the main 

 clause, f 



The perfect stem is found in the main clause three times : 1, 92 : 



os oi irplv rj /3.7crtXeO(rat, avTio-TamcoTrp; Kareo-rrjKee, k.t.X. " KaTeo-TrjKee is here 



equivalent to an imperfect, and expresses extensive action. 1, 159 : rpzeU 



Se . . . tov iKiT-qv is r68e ov TfToXprjKapev eK§(Sdi>«i, nplv av to dno creO SrjXoidtj, 



k.t.X. : TCToXprjKnpev is clearly extensive, and is used of action begun in the 

 past and continuing in the present ; it is the perfect of " unity of time." t 



3, 25 : 77pii/ 8e Trjs 68ov to nepnTov pepos duXyjXvdevai rr\v o~TpaTtrjv, airiKa 

 ndvTa avrovs to. ei%ov o-it'kdv e%6peva eneXeXoinee, k.t.X. The pluperfect 

 describes in the extensive aspect the condition resulting from the action 

 of the verb, i. e., all their food was gone.% 



The historical present is found in the main clause once, 4, 93 (alpe'ei) ; 

 here the verb is aoristic. || 



As was stated above, if the action of the main verb was not termi- 

 nated before the subordinate action began, a verb of extensive action is 

 used in the main clause. Such a case is seen in 4, 147 : ovtoi ivepovTo ti)v 



KaXXicrTrjv KaXeopevrjv liri yeveds, ivp\v rj Qrjpav iXOelv eK AaKedaipovos. oktw 



dvdpoov. Here we know from the context that the people who lived on 

 the island of Calliste before Theras came, inhabited it after he came as 

 well. The following examples of the same usage need no comment : 



2, 2 : oi Se Alyvnrioi, np\v pev tj ^appeTi^ov afpecov j3ao-iXe vo~ai, ivopi£ov eavTovs 

 TrpuiTnvs yevea&ai ndvTwv dvdpamcov ; 7, 94 : Kal nplv rj Aavaov re Kat Sovdov 

 dniKto-Oai . . . (K.iXeovTo TleXuayoi, k.t X. ; 8, 59 : irp\v rj tov 'EvpvlHiddrjv 

 irpndelvai tov Xo'yoi> tcov etveKa avvrjyaye tovs aTparr/yovs, 7roXX6s rjv 6 QepicrTO- 

 kXh]s. k.t.X. 



* Cf. Hultsch, op. cit., pp. 37 ff. ; Am. Jour. Phil., 16 (1895), p. 155. Thucydides 



does not use the aorist of -rreipdo^ai. 



t See below, p. 221. 



} Cf. Gildersleeve, Syntax, 203. 



§ Cf. Heilmann, De Infin. Syutaxi Herodotea, Gissae, 1879, p. 54. 



II Cf. 2, 41 : Kal ravTa kou TreVre yeverjai avSpOiv irpirepd 4<tti 1) rbv ' Ap'pnpviovus 

 'HpaKAea . . . yeveaOat. 



