BRACKETT. — TEMPORAL CLAUSES IN HERODOTUS. 205 



7To\ffXT]C7confv, vnobeKOjiai nape^eiv. Here the use of nape^eiv, where the 

 general law leads us to expect a verb of extensive aspect, squares with 

 the now accepted doctrine that «£eif is extensive or durative, and a-xwav 

 aoristic* The historical present is found in the main clause, 8, -Vs. 



ivdavra 6 QepuTTOKkfris Trapi£6p.(vos oi KaraXeyei itcelva re Trdvra to. fjicovcrt Mit/- 

 cwpiXov, ecovrov noievpevos, . . . e'r o dveyvaxrt, kt.X. KaraXeyet is plainly 

 extensive. The verb of the main clause is a gnomic aorist in 4, 196 : 

 aXXov npos o)v (dqnav xpvaov, es o av ireidaxri. 



2. Subordinate Clause. 



In clauses which express plain subsequence, the verb, as regards its 

 tense-stem, is under no restriction as far as the temporal relation is con- 

 cerned and does not need to be considered. As a matter of fact, how- 

 ever, the conjunctions npiv, np\v r), and ivporepov f], on account of the 

 negative idea which they contain, generally take the aorist. f The pres- 

 ent infinitive is found after npiv once (8, 144) ; after irp\v fj twice (6, 116 ; 

 8, 3). In 8, 144 : np\v a>v Trape'ivai eicelvov es rr)v 'Attiktjv, fjpeas Kaipos e'crri 

 Tipoftorjdriaai is Trp> Boia>rir]i>, the present -napfivai is equivalent to an aoristj 

 e. g., d-n-LKeadai. The present, rJKtiv, 6, 116: 'Adrjvatoi 8e . . . ecpdrjcrdv re 

 dniKopevoi nplv r) tovs (3upl3dpovs tjkuv, has generally been regarded as equiv- 

 alent to a perfect \ ; but if this be true we naturally expect it to ex- 

 press the extensive aspect, and this is not in point. But since the 

 imperfect of fjictiv is often used aoristically §. why not take rJKew here as 

 aoristic and render, with Macaulay, " and they arrived there before the 

 barbarians came"? nepneiv. in 8, 3, has been sufficiently explained.! 



After nporepov rj the present infinitive is found once, 7, 228: rolai 



nporepov TeXevTrjcracri r) vno Acovi8(a> aTrcmeptpdevTas oi'^ecr^cu. K.r.X., where I 



regard oZxeadai as aoristic rather than as a perfect, as does Sturm. 



In connection with clauses of limit, the aorist is almost always found 

 in the temporal clause. In clauses with tvplv and the indicative or sub- 

 junctive the aorist is found everywhere except in 1, 197 : aiyjj be Trapftj- 



eXdelv top Kapvovra ov crcpi e£f(TTi, npiv av eneiprjrai rjvriva vovcrov e\ei. Observe 



that, according to the generally accepted opinion, irrflpopat has no aorist 



* Cf. Brugmann, Gr. Gram. 3 , 540, and the writers there cited. 



f Cf. Gildersleeve, Am. Jour. Phil., 2 (1881), pp. 466 ff. 



t Cf. Gildersleeve, Am. Jour. Phil., 2 (1881), p. 478; Sturm, Schanz's Beitrage, 

 Heft 1, p. 295. 



§ Cf. Gildersleeve, Syntax, 225. 



Cf. Gildersleeve, Am. Jour. Phil., 2 (1881), p. 477; Heilman, op. eit, p. 58; 

 Sturm, op. cit., p. 295 ; Stein, note ad locum. 



