BRACKETT. — TEMPORAL CLAUSES IN HERODOTUS. 211 



such clauses, if there is only partial co-extension, we expect generally, 

 as Gildersleeve has shown,* a causal connotation. In 3, 134: viv yap dv 

 ti Ka\ a7ro8etjaio e'pyov, ecos veos els fjXiKirjv, the causal idea IS clear. In 9, 

 122: Kore yap 8i) Kal Trapefjei kuXXiov i] ore ye dvdpumoiv re 7roXXa>i> ap^opev 



Trda-rjs re rr)s 'Aai'f/s, the idea of cause, though not marked, is discernible. 



Ill 1, 1G1 : ev u> 8e fiovXevovTai avroi, anayayeiv evelvov eneXevov Ti]v aTpaTirjV 



citto tov rei^eos, the real meaning is, " they bade him lead his army from 

 the wall and keep it away while they were deliberating." fiovXevovTai 

 here expresses time partly future as well as present, and there is virtually 

 complete coextension. 



As to the future sphere in the temporal clause, it is with one exception 

 (9, 58) expressed by the subjunctive. Occasionally in the main clause 

 the future sphere is expressed by a verb which is formally present. So 



in 9, 98 : eneav o-vppiaycopev, pepvr}o-dal nua xpi) e'Xevdeplrjs, k.t.X., %pr) expresses 



the future sphere. There is a notable variation between present and 

 future in /, 8 8 : enedu vp'iv o~rjpi)i>a> tov \povov is tov tJk€iv Sei, 7Tpo$vpu>s ttuvtci 

 nua vpiu>v xprjaei Trapdvai, where 8el and xi } W ei refer to the same sphere 

 of time. Cf. 3, 146 : el8cos re ecovrcu do~(paXea eKbvaiv e'ovcrai/ e< ttjs vtjctov 



rare eneau avrbs fiovXrjTcu, where eovo~av must express future time. In 3, 



57 : 



'AW' orav ev "Zicpvoa irpVTavqia XevKa yevr/Tai 

 \evKO(ppvs t ayopi]. Tore 8q be I (fipddpovos civ8pos, k.t.X., 



Set may be an example of the so-called " oracular " present.! 



By far the most frequent tense in clauses of pure antecedence is the 

 aorist. The pluperfect occurs with eVfi, enei8r), and eneire 13 times, with 

 a>s 44 times. Out of these 57 examples, in 35 passages the action of the 

 verb of the subordinate clause has been previously described, j Very 

 often one or more words of the previous description are repeated, as 1, 

 18o : tov 8e opvaaope vov )(ovv e< tovtov tov dpvyp. otos dvaio-lpov Trapd tu 

 \ei\ea tov noTapou Trapn^eova i. ineiTe 8e ol 6pu>pvKTo, k.t.X. Out of the 2S 

 passages with <os the same verb is repeated 12 times ; in 16 cases the 

 previous action is recapitulated not by the same word or words. In 

 8, 6 (in-eire . . . es Tas A(peT<is), the preceding expression is separated by a 

 considerable distance from the pluperfect. The word thus used in the 



* Am. Jour. Phil. 24 (1903), pp. 389, 394. 



t Cf. Brugmann, Gr. Gram. 3 , 543, 7; Gildersleeve, Syntax, 194. 



t eirei, eireiSr), eWre — 1, 110, 185; 7, 175; 8, 6, 27, 53; 9, 17. is — 1, 27, 80, 

 118, 141, 165, 186, 201, 214; 2, 100 ; 3, 142 ; 5, 20; 6, 9, 112 ; 7, 37, 55. 100, 157, 183 ; 

 8, 5, 96, 110, 113, 126 ; 9, 17, 33, 37, 76, 100. 



