212 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY. 



pluperfect is often a word of general meaning, as eVfjroiVo (7, 55), and 



Trapeo-KevacrTO (9, 100). 



Causal force and indication of the spectator is found occasionally, as in 



7, 232 : [Aeyercu] vocrrfjcravTa 8e tovtov it ItudpTrjv, cos TjTipcoTo, dndygaadiu, 



i. e., " when (and because) he found himself dishonored." Cf. 5, 34 (at 



. . . KnTediSaTrdvr^To . . . km . . . npoo-avaio-'ipuiTo). Ill some cases the plu- 

 perfect is used to emphasize the completion of an act in past time, es- 

 pecially when the beginning of the action has been mentioned, as in 9, 



102: ycrvv^eTTKTTVopivoi crvveaeTwrTov is to rd^ot. wj 8e km to Tripos dpaiprjro, 

 k.t.X. Cf. 9, 52, and 9, 44. With verbs whose meaning allows it the 

 perfect stem emphasizes the resulting state or condition as in 7, 193 ; &>$■ 



inavo-ATO re 6 auepot km to Kupa eaTpcoro, k.t.X. Cf. also 9, 62. 



The nouns i]pepr], vug, and (v<pp6vri are used with the pluperfect iyeyovce 

 four times (1, 11; 3, 69; 8, 12; 9, 11); with the aorist iyevero eight 

 times (1, 113 ; 2, 121 y ; 5, 33, 56 ; 6, 129 ; 7, 18 ; 9, 39, 118), A com- 

 parison of these passages does not show any marked difference in mean- 

 ing or usage. Cf. 3, 69, and 7, 18 ; 1, 11, and 5, 56. 



The pluperfect is used with fjpepij and a numeral, 9, 41 : a>t 8e iudeKdrrj 



eyeyovee >')piprj dvTLK iTrjpivoa-i Iv TIXaTaujcri, ktX., and ill 3, 56. Cf. also 

 2, 2 : as yap 8uT!jt ^povot iyeyovee tavto. tm Traiptvi nprjaaovTi, k.t.X., and 



8, 129: 'Apru/3d£a) 8e infidrj iroXiopKeovTi eyeyoveo-av Tpelt prjvet, k.t.X. 



IV. Conjunctions. 

 A. Conjunctions of Antecedence. 



inel, ineiSt], enetTf. 



It is universally admitted that these conjunctions are used to express 

 action either wholly or partly antecedent.* There is no case in Herod- 

 otus where it is necessary that any of these three words mean, " at or 

 during the time when," and that only. 



No sharp line of distinction can be drawn between inei, en-ftS^ and 

 ineiTe. In 5, 99, in€i8r} is repeated after a parenthesis by fVeiVf. Grego- 

 rius Corinthius is right when he says : 'Hp68oTot " eVetVe iykvovTo Tavra " 

 dvri tov u €7rel eyeiwro."f Nowhere in Herodotus is eneire so used that the 

 re can be regarded as having connective force. For some reason ineiSf) 

 seems to have been a favorite word after the relative pronoun, as in 



* Cf. Kiihner, Gr. Gram. 2 , II, 2, 566, 1, b. (p. 949). 



t Gregorius Corinthius, De Dialecto Ionica, 26, ed. Schaeffer, Lipsiae, 1811, 

 p 112 



