BRACKETT. — TEMPORAL CLAUSES IN HERODOTUS. 213 



5, 98 : os eVftSi) anUeTO is roiis TLaiovas, k.t.X. tirftdi) is also found SO placed 



in 7, 107, 181 ; 8, 110, 114; 9,72, 76. 



tiveav [eVfiSuf], (TTfire av. 



The form emiSdv, which is nowhere printed by Kallenberg, is found 

 in one or more of the five principal MSS. in the following passages : 

 1. 19:] : 3, 21. 117; 4, 22, 61 ; and in 8, 144, it is given by all MSS. 

 eneio'dv is read by Stein in 1, 193, and 4, 61, and by Stein and van 

 Herwerden in 8, 144.* An examination of the use of inedv and eVfiSr; 

 shows that it is difficult to discover any principle of usage which would 

 argue either for or against ineiSdv in any of the above passages. As 

 regards 8, 144: d/\A' infciv (ineiddv, codd.) rd^tara irvdrfrai ttjv dyye\[r)v, 

 k.t.X., rdxivTci is used witli inedv three times (4, 134, 98 ; 7, 129) ; it is 

 not used with tn(i8r] at all. This might furnish a slight presumption 

 that ennbdv was not used with rdxio-m in 8, 144; but this inference is 

 weakened by the fact that with eV«' also rdxio-ra does not occur at all. 



The temporal use of cos was developed, as is well known, from its use as 

 an ad verb of comparison. A transition stage may be seen in such a sen- 

 tence as 1, 79 : coy 8e oi Tavra eSo£e, /cm iiroUe Kara rd^os. Cf. also 7, 128, 



and 8, 64. The particle cos in its temporal meaning is always used by 

 Herodotus in a clause in which the action is either partly or wholly an- 

 tecedent. We may, therefore, conclude that in Herodotus cos is always 

 a conjunction of antecedence. f 



OKCOS. 



okcos is used by Herodotus with more freedom than any other conjunc- 

 tion of antecedence. Most frequently it is used with the optative in 

 past general conditions. Once (5, 63) it is used with the optative of 

 the future sphere, representing the subjunctive with av of the oratio recta. 

 okcos is confined almost entirely to the optative ; it occurs with the indica- 

 tive but twice (7, 229; 9, 66)4 



In at least one passage (3, 125) okcos- is used where it seems necessary 



* Cf. Smyth, Ionic Dialect, p. 606. 



t ws as a temporal conjunction in Thucy elides lias been discussed by Warren 

 (op. cit, pp. 40 ff. ), who concludes that in that author ws is a conjunction of 

 antecedence. 



| Stein is in error (note on 7, 229) in citing 1, 68, as an example of '6kws = &s or 

 fireire. 



